Managing High Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Managing High Performance - Essay Example The aim of the research was to know about the situation of reorganizational structure (Graham, 2001). Some of the immediate concerns researched on were the morality of the employees (Scott, 2005). From my research, I realized that only half of the current employees were satisfied with their current job and responsibility and the other half of employees were eager to move into higher management position or into any management position. The main cause of employees not being satisfied with their current job responsibility was because of being overworked (Liff, 2006) From some of the information collected the budget changes contributed to the blockage of some people from being promoted. The tight budget does not allow everyone in the firm to be promoted instead only a few who deserve it can get the promotions. Another finding was that it was not easy to identify the high performers since everyone in the firm was doing his or her best. However, some findings supported the idea of addition of layers of the management team because the alternatives, which would enable the company to adopt a new organizational structure that has no negative impact in the working environment. It is necessary for the evaluation of leadership dynamics when it comes to prior knowledge and skills (Liff,

Summer Vacations Essay Example for Free

Summer Vacations Essay 1. What I did on my summer vacations. Last summer, we can’t have a lot of relaxing vacations, because I have to move here, but we have a one weekend that my family and I went to Cancun. We had great time together with the joy of swimming, lying on the beach and got a lot of souvenirs. That was my vacation on July. The weather was so hot. My father decided to go to Cancun beach. We bought 5 train-tickets and went on the trip excitedly. That night I couldnt sleep well. I just thought about the interests. We arrived at 9 am. Then my parents rent a house for a hotel. We unlocked our handbag and quickly went to the beach. Dad brought us a kite to fly it. We swam a lot, until 11 am. At lunch time, we ate burgers with bacon. The food was so delicious that my brother wanted to eat more and more. We took a nap for about 3 hours, then got up to meet some friends. Unfortunately, when we arrived at my father friends house, he wasnt at home that time. Some neighbors told us that he had came to the beach to relax. So we decided to go there by taxi. The cost wasnt expensive. When we arrived, my fathers friend was eating a lot. Then we stay there to swime until 6 o clock. At night, we went sight-seeing with some tourist. We saw beautiful natural landscapes and ate ice-cream. We felt pleasant. 2. How my family celebrates Holydays First, my mom and two girls in my family (Mom, grandmother, aunt, cousin etc..) get together to cook an â€Å"epic meal each year we used to go over Xmas eve to 1 of sister-in-laws house for whole family gathering†¦. There are 3 kids in my family, did the Xmas tree present thing and all that. Would say Thank You prayer when all done. Now 2 are grown up oldest has 2 little ones so history repeats itself with my grown kids and grandchildren. All at my house, nice midday meal and enjoyment of each other. At night we used to put the presents in the tree, but there is no little kids in the family, so we haven’t wait untill next morning to open them, always is a nice time with the family and we vow to make everyday like Xmas.

New Law :: essays research papers

CBS) Attorney General John Ashcroft denounced Tuesday's Supreme Court ruling that overturned a law banning computer simulations and other fool-the-eye depictions of teen-agers or children having sex, saying it would make prosecutions more difficult. Where possible, he said, the Justice Department will restructure prosecutions it has brought to pursue "general obscenity charges against those who have victimized children." Child pornographers "will find little refuge" in the decision, he said. "We will continue to use whatever resources we can to identify and prosecute child pornography cases to the fullest extent of the law." Ashcroft also said that he was eager to work with Congress to revise the law. Youthful sexuality is an old theme in art, from Shakespeare to Academy Award-winning movies, the court found in striking down the 1996 child pornography law on free speech grounds. The law would call into question legitimate educational, scientific or artistic depictions of youthful sex, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote for a 6-3 majority. "The statute proscribes the visual depiction of an idea — that of teen-agers engaging in sexual activity — that is a fact of modern society and has been a theme in art and literature throughout the ages," Kennedy wrote in a decision joined by four other justices. Clarence Thomas, one of the court's most conservative justices, wrote a separate opinion agreeing with the outcome. The court invalidated two provisions of the Child Pornography Prevention Act as overly broad and unconstitutional. Free speech advocates and pornographers had challenged the law's ban on material that "appears to be" a child in a sexually explicit situation or that is advertised to convey the impression that someone under 18 is involved. Another section of the law was not challenged, and remains in force. It bans prurient computer alteration of innocent images of children, such as the grafting of a child's school picture onto a naked body. CBS News Correspondent Bob Orr reports the adult entertainment industry, which led the challenge, hailed the decision as a victory for free speech. "The creators of art who can now safely deal with the important topic of teenage sexuality without fear of the most severe possible government sanctions," said Jeffery Douglas of the Free Speech Coalition. Justices John Paul Stevens, David H. Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen G. Breyer signed Kennedy's opinion. Thomas, in a separate concurring opinion, said the court's ruling appropriately strikes down a ban that was too sweeping but leaves a window for future regulation of some kinds of virtual child pornography.

Macbeths Implacable Guilt Essay -- Macbeth essays

Macbeth's Implacable Guilt      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth underscores the important and usually unforeseen effect of sin, that of guilt. The guilt is so deep that Lady Macbeth is pushed to suicide, and Macbeth fares only slightly better.    Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants that, regarding guilt in the play:    Briefly stated, and with elaborations to follow, Macbeth is the story of a kindly, upright man who was incited and goaded, by the woman he deeply loved, into committing a murder and then, because of his sensitive nature, was unable to bear the heavy burden of guilt that descended upon him as a result of that murder. (37)    A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy demonstrates the guilt of Macbeth from the very beginning:    Precisely how far his mind was guilty may be a question; but no innocent man would have started, as he did, with a start of fear at the mere prophecy of a crown, or have conceived thereupon immediately the thought of murder. Either this thought was not new to him, or he had cherished at least some vaguer dishonourable dream, the instantaneous recurrence of which, at the moment of his hearing of prophecy, revealed to him an inward and terrifying guilt. (316)    In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson comments regarding the guilt of the protagonist:    It is a subtler thing which constitutes the chief fascination that the play exercises upon us - this fear Macbeth feels, a fear not fully defined, for him or for us, a terrible anxiety that is a sense of guilt without becoming (recognizably, at least) a sense of sin. It is not a sense of sin because he refuses to recognize such a category; and, in his stubbornne... ...    Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967.    Kemble, Fanny. "Lady Macbeth." Macmillan's Magazine, 17 (February 1868), p. 354-61. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Siddons, Sarah. "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth." The Life of Mrs. Siddons. Thomas Campbell. London: Effingham Wilson, 1834. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.   

Paper vs Plastic, Which Is Better

Thousands and thousands of people are shopping in grocery stores each day using either plastic or paper bags. They think of it as something that just holds their items. What they don’t know is how much it harms our environment. So the question is which is better? â€Å"3. 14 billion Plastic shopping bags and 53 million Kraft paper bags are produced annually to satisfy the national market, consuming 28. 5 million kilograms of plastic and 4. 8 million kilograms of paper†( Goldbeck 333). A man named Shropshire in Annapolis had a campaign to get rid of plastic bags and is referred to as the â€Å"the bag man. â€Å"12 million barrels of oil are needed to produce 100 billion plastic bags used in the United States each year,† He said. According to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency only 5% of those bags are being recycled and the rest are thrown into landfills. He also says that plastic bags from Annapolis land in Chesapeake Bay and marine animals swallow them, mistaking them for jelly fish. â€Å"Estimates prepared by the New York City Department of Sanitation suggest that if each New Yorker would use one less grocery sack per week, the city’s garbage could be reduced by 2500 tons every year, saving 250,000 taxpayer dollars â€Å"(Goldbeck 333). Some officials say. that producing the bags takes too much energy and they create environmental hazards. The only problem is that plastic is cheaper and create less landfill waste than paper bags. Plastic bags are made with polyethylene. 80% of polyethylene is made from natural gas; a non-renewable resource. According to the Boustead Consulting Association polyethylene uses less water, oil and energy. Plastic bags use 40% less energy than paper and plastic sacks. The alliance says, they generate 80% less solid waste. Donna Dempsey of the Progressive Bag Alliance, a group representing plastic bag manufacturers, says that an alternative to plastic bags like paper wouldn’t actually be greener. She also says that paper bags use up more fossil fuels in their lifecycle than plastic. Paper bags are made from a lot of trees. Paper grocery bags, are an American innovation and were designed in 1883. It’s also made from a Kraft (German: means course and strength) paper. According to the American Forest and Paper Association, paper collection is easily and readily available in most parts of the country. But like plastic, paper uses natural resources and creates pollution. The manufacturing of one paper bag uses 1 whole gallon of water! Trees have to dry for 3 whole years before making it into paper. Then it’s cooked under heat and pressure†¦Etc. So paper also use up resources. When paper is thrown away it’s either recycled or thrown in a landfill. Both paper and plastic bags can pollute and effect the environment. So it’s hard to say which is better to use. I f we want an option better for the environment its better to use neither of them. The best option there is out there is reusable bags.

Leadership Training Case Study Essay Example

Leadership Training Case Study Essay Example Leadership Training Case Study Essay Leadership Training Case Study Essay Improving Productivity Coastal Bank is a large bank in a southeastern city. As a part of a comprehensive internal management study, Harris Meade, the data processing vice president, examined the turnover, absenteeism, and productivity figures of all work groups in the organization. The results Meade obtained contained no real surprises except in the case of the check-sorting and data-processing departments. The Research The inquiry revealed that in general the departments displaying high turnover and absenteeism rates had low production figures, and those with low turnover and absenteeism were highly productive. No surprise there. When analysis began on the check-sorting and data-processing figures, however, Meade discovered that both departments were tied for the lead for the lowest turnover and absenteeism figures. What was surprising was that the check-sorting department ranked first as the most productive unit, whereas the electronic data-processing department ranked last. That inconsistency was further complicated by the fact that the working conditions for check-sorting employees are extremely undesirable. They work in a large open room that is hot in the summer and cold in the winter. They work alone and operate high-speed check-sorting machines requiring a high degree of accuracy and concentration. There is little chance for interaction because they all take rotating coffee breaks. The computer room is air-conditioned, with a stable temperature year round; it has perfect lighting and is extremely quiet and comfortable. It was known that both groups are highly cohesive and that the workers generally function well with others in their department. This observation was reinforced by the study’s finding of the low levels of turnover and absenteeism in both departments. The Interview Data In an effort to understand this phenomenon (similar productivity despite vastly different conditions), Meade decided to interview the members of both departments. Meade hoped to gain some insight into the dynamics of each group’s behavior. It was discovered that the check-sorting department displayed a great deal of loyalty to the company. Most of the group was unskilled or semiskilled workers; although they have no organized union, each person felt that the company had made special efforts to keep their wages and benefits in line with unionized operations. They knew that their work required team effort and were committed to high performance. A quite different situation existed in the data-processing department. Although the workers liked their fellow employees, there was a uniform feeling among this highly skilled group that management placed more emphasis on production than on staff units. It was their contention that pay increases had been better for operating departments and that the gap between the wage earners and salaried employees did not reflect the skill differences. Because of that, a large percentage of the group displayed little loyalty toward the company, even though they were very close among themselves. The Challenge There is some degree of urgency to improve productivity in this situation. A major competitor in the region is increasing its market share, while Coastal Bank’s market share is trending downward in the last two quarters. One challenge the bank faces is how to make the data-processing unit more productive. Other low-performing departments may need focus as well, particularly in the areas of absenteeism and turnover. It is possible that system-wide change may be needed. You are Harris Meade and you are tasked with improving productivity throughout the bank: HOW do you decide on the best course of action? What is the best method to make the decision? HOW do you implement any change that may be needed? Suggestion for use: have learners answer the case study individually. Then break them into small groups to discuss and come to some consensus. There is no â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† answer in this case study, as is true of many leadership decisions. The best a leader can do is to align with organizational priorities, seek the input of others, develop reasonable plans, and try to make a thoughtful decision. It is probably a good idea, in this case, to appoint a cross-functional team composed of workers from each department and other bank departments, too, to make recommendations to management.

Major westen religions essays

Major westen religions essays The three major Western religions that affect almost two billion people are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. All three religions focus on a higher authority, known as God. This higher authority loves and guides people through religious teachings. Studying these religions shows the teachings are sometimes different, yet they all lead to ways of living a more perfect life on earth and gaining an afterlife. Each of these religions began in a different way and during different periods of history. Judaism, the smallest major religion is the oldest religion and is based on Gods revelation to Moses at Mt. Sinai. Later, around 30 A.D., Christianity began with the ministry and teachings of Jesus, who was a Jew. Being a Jew, Jesus never really rejected Judaism. As Christianity grew from Judaism, Christianity became a major religion of its own. The Romans, who were in power during early Christianity saw it as a threat to their emperor, but Christianity began to grow. In 313 A.D. the Roman emperor, Constantine became the first Christian ruler. Islam started in the 6th century A.D., much later than the other two religions. The prophet Muhammad spread the word of God after he had revelations directly from God. Jesus claimed to be the son of God, unlike Muhammad who claimed only to be a prophet of God. Even though Judaism and Islam grew to be major religions, they are similar because they both give rules for the way one should live their lives, rather than giving a set of beliefs like Christianity does. The purpose of these religions was to serve God, but each of these religions has a different view as to Gods purpose. While each believes in one true God, Islam believes that God had no offspring, and has no human form. It also believes that, Life of this world is but a sport and pastime. (Lippman 5). Islam refers to God as Allah. Allah creates, keeps, and can destroy the world and most of all, He ...

Causes of World War I and the Rise of Germany

Causes of World War I and the Rise of Germany The early years of the 20th century saw tremendous growth in Europe of both population and prosperity. With arts and culture flourishing, few believed a general war possible due to the peaceful cooperation required to maintain increased levels of trade as well as technologies such as the telegraph and railroad. Despite this, numerous social, military, and nationalistic tensions ran beneath the surface. As the great European empires struggled to expand their territory, they were confronted with increasing social unrest at home as new political forces began to emerge. Rise of Germany Prior to 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. During the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by King Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. Following the victory over the Danes in the 1864 Second Schleswig War, Bismarck turned to eliminating Austrian influence over the southern German states. Provoking war in 1866, the well-trained Prussian military quickly and decisively defeated their larger neighbors. Forming the North German Confederation after the victory, Bismarcks new polity included Prussias German allies, while those states which had fought with Austria were pulled into its sphere of influence. In 1870, the Confederation entered into a conflict with France after Bismarck attempted to place a German prince on the Spanish throne. The resulting Franco-Prussian War saw the Germans rout the French, capture Emperor Napoleon III, and occupy Paris. Proclaiming the German Empire at Versailles in early 1871, Wilhelm and Bismarck effectively united the country. In the resulting Treaty of Frankfurt which ended the war, France was forced to cede Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. The loss of this territory badly stung the French and was a motivating factor in 1914. Building a Tangled Web With Germany united, Bismarck began setting about to protect his newly formed empire from foreign attack. Aware that Germanys position in central Europe made it vulnerable, he began seeking alliances to ensure that its enemies remained isolated and that a two-front war could be avoided. The first of these was a mutual protection pact with Austria-Hungary and Russia known as the Three Emperors League. This collapsed in 1878 and was replaced by the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary which called for mutual support if either was attacked by Russia. In 1881, the two nations entered into the Triple Alliance with Italy which bound the signatories to aid each other in the case of war with France. The Italians soon undercut this treaty by concluding a secret agreement with France stating that they would provide aid if Germany invaded. Still concerned with Russia, Bismarck concluded the Reinsurance Treaty in 1887, in which both countries agreed to remain neutral if attacked by a third. In 1888, Kaiser Wilhelm I died and was succeeded by his son Wilhelm II. Rasher than his father, Wilhelm quickly tired of Bismarcks control and dismissed him in 1890. As a result, the carefully built web of treaties which Bismarck had constructed for Germanys protection began to unravel. The Reinsurance Treaty lapsed in 1890, and France ended its diplomatic isolation by concluding a military alliance with Russia in 1892. This agreement called for the two to work in concert if one was attacked by a member of the Triple Alliance. A Place in the Sun and the Naval Arms Race An ambitious leader and the grandson of Englands Queen Victoria, Wilhelm sought to elevate Germany to equal status with the other great powers of Europe. As a result, Germany entered the race for colonies with the goal of becoming an imperial power. These efforts to obtain territory overseas brought Germany into conflict with the other powers, especially France, as the German flag was soon raised over parts of Africa and on islands in the Pacific. As Germany sought to grow its international influence, Wilhelm began a massive program of naval construction. Embarrassed by the German fleets poor showing at Victorias Diamond Jubilee in 1897, a succession of naval bills were passed to expand and improve the Kaiserliche Marine under the oversight of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. This sudden expansion in naval construction stirred Britain, who possessed the worlds preeminent fleet, from several decades of splendid isolation. A global power, Britain moved in 1902 to form an alliance with Japan to curtail German ambitions in the Pacific. This was followed by the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904, which while not a military alliance, resolved many of the colonial squabbles and issues between the two nations. With the completion of HMS Dreadnought in 1906, the naval arms race between Britain and Germany accelerated with each striving to build more tonnage than the other. A direct challenge to the Royal Navy, the Kaiser saw the fleet as a way to increase German influence and compel the British to meet his demands. As a result, Britain concluded the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907, which tied together British and Russian interests. This agreement effectively formed the Triple Entente of Britain, Russia, and France which was opposed by the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. A Powder Keg in the Balkans While the European powers were posturing for colonies and alliances, the Ottoman Empire was in deep decline. Once a powerful state that had threatened European Christendom, by the early years of the 20th century it was dubbed the sick man of Europe. With the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, many of the ethnic minorities within the empire began clamoring for independence or autonomy. As a result, numerous new states such as Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro became independent. Sensing weakness, Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia in 1878. In 1908, Austria officially annexed Bosnia igniting outrage in Serbia and Russia. Linked by their Slavic ethnicity, the two nations wished to prevent Austrian expansion. Their efforts were defeated when the Ottomans agreed to recognize Austrian control in exchange for monetary compensation. The incident permanently damaged the already tense relations between the nations. Faced with increasing problems within its already diverse population, Austria-Hungary viewed Serbia as a threat. This was largely due to Serbias desire to unite the Slavic people, including those living in the southern parts of the empire. This pan-Slavic sentiment was backed Russia who had signed a military agreement to aid Serbia if the nation was attacked by the Austrians. The Balkan Wars Seeking to take advantage of Ottoman weakness, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece declared war in October 1912. Overwhelmed by this combined force, the Ottomans lost most of their European lands. Ended by the Treaty of London in May 1913, the conflict led to issues among the victors as they battled over the spoils. This resulted in the Second Balkan War which saw the former allies, as well as the Ottomans, defeat Bulgaria. With the end of the fighting, Serbia emerged as a stronger power much to the annoyance of the Austrians. Concerned, Austria-Hungary sought support for a possible conflict with Serbia from Germany. After initially rebuffing their allies, the Germans offered support if Austria-Hungary was forced to fight for its position as a Great Power. The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand With the situation in the Balkans already tense, Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic, head of Serbias military intelligence, initiated a plan to kill Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were intending to travel to Sarajevo, Bosnia on an inspection tour. A six-man assassination team was assembled and infiltrated into Bosnia. Guided by Danilo Ilic, they intended to kill the archduke on June 28, 1914, as he toured the city in an open-topped car. While the first two assassins failed to act when Franz Ferdinands car passed by, the third threw bomb which bounced off the vehicle. Undamaged, the archdukes car sped away while the assassin was captured by the crowd. The remainder of Ilics team was unable to take action. After attending an event at the town hall, the archdukes motorcade resumed. One of the assassins, Gavrilo Princip, stumbled across the motorcade as he exited a shop near the Latin Bridge. Approaching, he drew a gun and shot both Franz Ferdinand and Sophie. Both died a short time later. The July Crisis Though stunning, Franz Ferdinands death was not viewed by most Europeans as an event that would lead to general war. In Austria-Hungary, where the politically moderate archduke was not well-liked, the government elected instead to use the assassination as an opportunity to deal with the Serbs. Quickly capturing Ilic and his men, the Austrians learned many of the details of the plot. Wishing to take military action, the government in Vienna was hesitant due to concerns about Russian intervention. Turning to their ally, the Austrians inquired regarding the German position on the matter. On July 5, 1914, Wilhelm, downplaying the Russian threat, informed the Austrian ambassador that his nation could count on Germany’s full support regardless of the outcome. This blank check of support from Germany shaped Viennas actions. With the backing of Berlin, the Austrians began a campaign of coercive diplomacy designed to bring about a limited war. The focus of this was the presentation of an ultimatum to Serbia at 4:30 PM on July 23. Included in the ultimatum were ten demands, ranging from the arrest of the conspirators to allowing Austrian participation in the investigation, that Vienna knew Serbia could not accept as a sovereign nation. Failure to comply within forty-eight hours would mean war. Desperate to avoid a conflict, the Serbian government sought aid from the Russians but were told by Tsar Nicholas II to accept the ultimatum and hope for the best. War Declared On July 24, with the deadline looming, most of Europe awoke to the severity of the situation. While the Russians asked for the deadline to be extended or the terms altered, the British suggested a conference be held to prevent war. Shortly before the deadline on July 25, Serbia replied that it would accept nine of the terms with reservations, but that it could not allow the Austrian authorities to operate in their territory. Judging the Serbian response to be unsatisfactory, the Austrians immediately broke off relations. While the Austrian army began to mobilize for war, the Russians announced a pre-mobilization period known as â€Å"Period Preparatory to War. While the foreign ministers of the Triple Entente worked to prevent war, Austria-Hungary began massing its troops. In the face of this, Russia increased support for its small, Slavic ally. At 11:00 AM on July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. That same day Russia ordered a mobilization for the districts bordering Austria-Hungary. As Europe moved towards a larger conflict, Nicholas opened communications with Wilhelm in an effort to prevent the situation from escalating. Behind the scenes in Berlin, German officials were eager for a war with Russia but were restrained by the need to make the Russians appear as the aggressors. The Dominoes Fall While the German military clamored for war, its diplomats were working feverishly in an attempt to get Britain to remain neutral if war began. Meeting with the British ambassador on July 29, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg stated he believed that Germany would soon be going to war with France and Russia, as well as alluded that German forces would violate Belgiums neutrality. As Britain was bound to protect Belgium by the 1839 Treaty of London, this meeting helped push the nation towards actively supporting its entente partners. While news that Britain was prepared to back its allies in a European war initially spooked Bethmann-Hollweg into calling on the Austrians to accept peace initiatives, word that King George V intended to remain neutral led him to halt these efforts. Early on July 31, Russia began a full mobilization of its forces in preparation for war with Austria-Hungary. This pleased Bethmann-Hollweg who was able to couch German mobilization later that day as a response to the Russians even though it was scheduled to begin regardless. Concerned about the escalating situation, French Premier Raymond Poincarà © and Prime Minister Renà © Viviani urged Russia not to provoke a war with Germany. Shortly thereafter the French government was informed that if the Russian mobilization did not cease, then Germany would attack France. The following day, August 1, Germany declared war on Russia and German troops began moving into Luxembourg in preparation for invading Belgium and France. As a result, France began mobilizing that day. With France being pulled into the conflict through its alliance to Russia, Britain contacted Paris on August 2 and offered to protect the French coast from naval attack. That same day, Germany contacted the Belgian government requesting free passage through Belgium for its troops. This was refused by King Albert and Germany declared war on both Belgium and France on August 3. Though it was unlikely that Britain could have remained neutral if France was attacked, it entered the fray that next day when German troops invaded Belgium activating the 1839 Treaty of London. On August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia and six days later entered into hostilities with France and Britain. Thus by August 12, 1914, the Great Powers of Europe were at war and four and a half years of savage b loodshed were to follow.

Department of Homeland Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Department of Homeland Security - Research Paper Example The U.S Department of Homeland Security follows the rules and regulations passed by the Congress and enacted by the President. The cabinet agency operates under the leadership of a Secretary appointed by the U.S President.Security was the fundamental reason of developing the U.S Department of Homeland Security. The agency has an ultimate vision of guaranteeing a safe, secure, and resilient homeland that is against terrorism and other potential hazards (Department of Homeland Security 1). Indeed, the agency operates under three key fundamental concepts of national homeland security strategy that include resilience, security, customs, and exchange. Furthermore, the development of the agency had five distinct homeland security missions that included securing and managing U.S borders, enhancing resilience to disasters, safeguarding and securing cyberspace, enforcing and administering U.S immigration laws as well as preventing terrorism and enhancing state security (Department of Homeland Security 1). The agency ensures that all of its regulatory initiatives comply with its guiding principles that relate to the protection of civil rights and civil liberties, integration of U.S actions, establishment of coalitions and partnerships, development of human resources, innovation, and accountability to the American citizens (Department of Homeland Security 1). The U.S Department of Homeland Security components define how the agency pursues its mission.The U.S Department of Homeland Security is currently.

Therapy Dog Visits Cancer Patients at Cone Health Assignment

Therapy Dog Visits Cancer Patients at Cone Health - Assignment Example The patients have the opportunity to hold the dog, which reminds her of her dog pet that she left at home. Animal-therapy is a topic that has gained a lot of attention within the contemporary topic about the human-animal relationship and how each party can benefit. This news item shows how close human beings and animals can be and how the two species can mutually benefit from one another. The reason I picked this article is its implication to the hope of reviving the bond between human beings and animals. As more people find consolation in their domestic animals, it becomes clear that it is possible to form even close bonds that will uphold the dignity of both animals and human beings. This brings a completely new image different from one created by the use of animals as test species that researchers use to develop a cure for the human ailment. Earlier on, medical experts have used animals to test for experimental drugs, leading to the death of many animals. This article is linked to the idea of bringing animals and human beings close, an important topic in the contemporary studies.

Choose one of brief Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choose one of brief - Coursework Example Further, MiCSHA wanted to show what changes it intended to make and that is easy or the audience to understand. Brief one is underdeveloped compared to the second one. The use of e-Cigarette has become a major issue in the society today. Many people today advocate for the use of the e-cigarette as opposed to smoking the tobacco ones, and that has led to a clash of opinions from different quarters. The main idea is to generate as much information regarding the importance of these cigarettes and whether their threats to human health can be countered by using it. The prolonged utility of e-cigarettes can be dangerous to one’s health. The important thing should be the creation of a platform that allows everyone to make better use of the available innovations for the sake of meeting the health needs of everyone. This brief will seek to identify the strengths and define the importance of meeting the general needs of the society by coming up with ideal measures to prevent the harsh realities of tobacco smoking. This is not focused on just the impact of e-cigarettes but also on the financial and environmental aspects of adopting its use. It is a healthy option to tobacco smoking and allows one to choose levels of nicotine and flavoring compared to normal cigarettes that are predetermined. It also allows the individual to undergo similar feelings when working towards its consumption such as stress relief just as noted in normal cigarettes (Ross). For those looking to quit smoking, this is a good idea that will boost the chances of limiting nicotine consumption on a daily basis. It costs almost the same as the normal cigarettes and vaping is allowed in a variety of states. This means that it will be easier to continue enjoying these attributes while cutting down on nicotine and improving on health. With the potential benefits, it is very easy to use in the any part of the state and does not

Theories of visual culture and social semiotics Assignment

Theories of visual culture and social semiotics - Assignment Example Infusing the visual culture studies especially in art education involves embracing the postmodern conceptions and posing a challenge to the modern ideals. Also, it involves the instructions whereby there is knowledge sharing among all the learners. The images are critically examined with intelligent and understanding actions as the aim rather than artistic appreciation. One of the main aims of art facilitators is to involve students in learning activities, both through and in art. Nevertheless, most of the facilitators do argue that visual culture art education offer a successful means of engagement. Although the lessons may originate from the visual culture theory, they may result in the lessons which may go back to modern concepts and ideas as well as principles of formal design. However, one of the key shortcomings of the programs is caused by the counterfeit logic that may result from the use of the formalistic theories so as to discuss and understand very well the concept of vis ual culture and postmodernism(Pincus, 2011). The visual culture theory usually requires that the artwork should be put into consideration in relation to the social context and the social context. Cultural studies The theory of visual culture is critically indebted to some form of cultural studies. In essence, the idea of cultural studies is a very complicated and interdisciplinary field. It was first discussed in England in early 1960s, but currently it is a global field of study. It is mainly concerned with giving significance to cultural practices in terms of people’s experiences as well as the structural dynamics of modernize society. According to Harrison, (2003), he argues that the theory bases on the belief that the society should be structured and that the signifying practices should be seen as a means of maintaining and establishing power. However, people can interpret for themselves. The latest studies on visual culture, which emerged in the mid 1990s, are much diver sified and it advocates most on the critical edge of the cultural studies. A visual culture study, as a field, encompasses two main principle concerns. These are the visible objects and our perception on them; normally called the ‘seen and the seer’. With this respect, visual culture studies have no significant difference from other philosophical studies. This is because its concerns aim at giving a clear description of the objects under study and their natural aesthetic gaze. However, the main difference is the fact that visual culture studies put into consideration a lot of artifacts and several ways of appearance as opposed to philosophical aesthetics. The studies of visual culture address the inner meaning of the images in photography, advertising and painting. Visual culture refers to those cultural aspects which are manifested in visible form i.e. paintings, photographs, prints, video and scene images. They mainly focus on images themselves so that they can bring out the cultural link attach to them (Herrmann, 2005). At some instance, it is very difficult to distinguish regalia from images. This is because some images appear real since they give an expression and representation of constituted reality (Pincus, 2011). The approach of visual culture from the visual culture studies begin and end with the contemporary cultural sites.

Read below. ( college students struggling in writing when they get in Essay

Read below. ( college students struggling in writing when they get in the college. how can we overcome) - Essay Example Therefore, students need to direct their skills and intelligence to a new task in order to cope up with the required standards in college writing. Sometimes meeting the required standards for college writing can be very difficult and challenge, therefore, it is necessary for students to understand themselves and what motivates them to write. This essay provides a very thoughtful discussion on why transitioning from high school to college especially when it comes to writing using support from Rose and Bartholomae’s articles and my experience. More so, the essay will explore what teachers and students should do to help new college students to be successful in their college writing classes. Notably, expectations of writing in high school and college differ, but generally, speaking and writing is very important and are required before learning the skill (Bartholomae 5), and even though college has some features similar with high school, college introduces a new set of rules and ex pectations including writing expectations. Studies reveal that both high school teachers and college instructors agree on the importance of reading and writing skills but college instructors stress more on grammar and usage as opposed to high school teachers. ... More so, college students can sometimes be invited to use writing to react to a reading and speculate about it, or be asked to analyze the reading and make a worthwhile claim with good reasons to support this claim. All these tasks are not done in high school and this shows how writing advances when one joins a college. Actually, in college, an argument is less contentious and more systematic, and it can be described as a set of statements arranged a coherent and thoughtful manner. Usually, students are expected to propose a claim and develop evidence and reasons to back up their claim. More so, they have to ensure that there are limits and objections to their claim. A claim should be reasonably challenged for it to be interesting, and in colleges, students not only write to express what they think but also to show why others might agree with their writing. Moreover, students know that what they write is not the absolute truth and so they consider whatever they write as partial, inco mplete and subjected to challenge. Therefore, college students do write in a way that enables other people to test their reasoning, that is, propose a claim, reasons and responses to the challenges so as to allow the readers to see what the students think and decide whether to agree with their ideas or not. All these form an integral part of college education and for the time covered in college, students are expected to read, conduct research, gather information, analyze and then communicate it to the readers through writing. Some high school English teachers tend to teach skills that they think colleges and universities want from their students, but they may not catch up with the expectations of the

Theories of visual culture and social semiotics Assignment

Theories of visual culture and social semiotics - Assignment Example Infusing the visual culture studies especially in art education involves embracing the postmodern conceptions and posing a challenge to the modern ideals. Also, it involves the instructions whereby there is knowledge sharing among all the learners. The images are critically examined with intelligent and understanding actions as the aim rather than artistic appreciation. One of the main aims of art facilitators is to involve students in learning activities, both through and in art. Nevertheless, most of the facilitators do argue that visual culture art education offer a successful means of engagement. Although the lessons may originate from the visual culture theory, they may result in the lessons which may go back to modern concepts and ideas as well as principles of formal design. However, one of the key shortcomings of the programs is caused by the counterfeit logic that may result from the use of the formalistic theories so as to discuss and understand very well the concept of vis ual culture and postmodernism(Pincus, 2011). The visual culture theory usually requires that the artwork should be put into consideration in relation to the social context and the social context. Cultural studies The theory of visual culture is critically indebted to some form of cultural studies. In essence, the idea of cultural studies is a very complicated and interdisciplinary field. It was first discussed in England in early 1960s, but currently it is a global field of study. It is mainly concerned with giving significance to cultural practices in terms of people’s experiences as well as the structural dynamics of modernize society. According to Harrison, (2003), he argues that the theory bases on the belief that the society should be structured and that the signifying practices should be seen as a means of maintaining and establishing power. However, people can interpret for themselves. The latest studies on visual culture, which emerged in the mid 1990s, are much diver sified and it advocates most on the critical edge of the cultural studies. A visual culture study, as a field, encompasses two main principle concerns. These are the visible objects and our perception on them; normally called the ‘seen and the seer’. With this respect, visual culture studies have no significant difference from other philosophical studies. This is because its concerns aim at giving a clear description of the objects under study and their natural aesthetic gaze. However, the main difference is the fact that visual culture studies put into consideration a lot of artifacts and several ways of appearance as opposed to philosophical aesthetics. The studies of visual culture address the inner meaning of the images in photography, advertising and painting. Visual culture refers to those cultural aspects which are manifested in visible form i.e. paintings, photographs, prints, video and scene images. They mainly focus on images themselves so that they can bring out the cultural link attach to them (Herrmann, 2005). At some instance, it is very difficult to distinguish regalia from images. This is because some images appear real since they give an expression and representation of constituted reality (Pincus, 2011). The approach of visual culture from the visual culture studies begin and end with the contemporary cultural sites.

On the debates pertaining to inference of an effect from its cause Essay

On the debates pertaining to inference of an effect from its cause - Essay Example 172). Taking off from Hume, John Stuart Mill â€Å"held that causal inference depends on three factors: first, the cause has to precede the effects; second, the cause and effect have to be related ; and third, other explanations of the cause-effect relationship have to be eliminated† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 182). In other words, the notion of causation and effect that can be found in the ideas of John Stuart Mill is that causation requires precedence of the cause from the effect, correlation, and that rival hypotheses are ruled out. For Cook and Campbell (1979), however, the most significant contribution of John Stuart Mill to the theory of causality pertains to his notions of the criteria, principles, or â€Å"methods† of agreement, differences, and concomitant variation. The principle of agreement â€Å"states that an effect will be present when the cause is present† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 182). The principle of difference â€Å"states that the effect will be absent when the cause is absent† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 182). Finally, the principle of concomitant variation â€Å"implies that when both of the above relationships are observed, causal inferences will be all stronger since certain other interpretations of the co-variation between the cause effects can be ruled out† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 182). According to Cook and Campbell (1979, p. ... 183) pointed out that â€Å"the concept of a control group is implicit here and is clearly central in Mill’s thinking about cause.† In 1913, Bertrand Russell â€Å"looked to physics and astronomy of his day as the most mature sciences, and he noted their lack of concern with unobservables and explicitness and parsimony of the functional relationships that physicists sought to test† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 172-173).1 However, Russell had asked that asked whether the concept of cause continues to be relevant given that cause â€Å"is not implied by functional relationships of mathematical form† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 173). The Russell viewpoint is positivist â€Å"rejecting unobservables (like cause), and seeking to establish explicit functional laws between continuously measured variables in a closed system† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 173). Positivists like Russell believe that â€Å"causation is unnecessary because it is unobservable† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 175). The essentialist viewpoint â€Å"argue that the term cause should only be used to refer to variables that explain a phenomenon in the sense that these variables, when taken together, are both necessary and sufficient for the effect to occur† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 177). The essentialists â€Å"equates cause with a constellation of variables that necessarily, inevitably and infallibly results in the effect† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 177). In contrast, those â€Å"who restrict cause to observable necessary and sufficient conditions (or sufficient conditions that operate when all the necessary conditions are met) reject as causes those factors which are known to bring about effects sometimes, but not always† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 177).

The Adventure of the Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

The Adventure of the Speckled Band Essay When we first meet Helen Stoner, her personality describes her as a kind and pious woman. She lived with her step-father, the only relative alive. She has no persona because she is an honest person and she shares her feelings with everyone. Her motivation is to find out how her sister has been murdered. In that time and place, womens status were low therefore, they were not considered as important as men: â€Å"It is not cold that makes me shiver† This leads to the theme of lonliness because she feels that she is alone and haso one to go to but Holmes. This whole quote is a powerful symbol which tells the reader that she is in a terrible condition. Also, it puts an image in the readers mind of the structures and features of the body that must have worn out due to a long period of time of stress. This is typical of women when they loose a relative that they be in deep depression. When we first meet Dr. Roylott, his background personality has already been revealed by his step daughter. His motivation is to keep Helen under control. Dr. Roylott has no persona because his personality reveals himself as an angry and aggressive man. In that time and place, England were at the centre of the world therefore Dr. Roylott incredibly thinks he is a powerful master. Also, he has a pet cheetah which symbolises that he is forgein and by keeping this pet, Dr. Roylott imitates himself as this powerful preditor. As later text in films such as Blade, in which he is half human . half vampire? In this case, British people will be afraid of him because of his tan which give him the air of not being from the Brtitish Isles. â€Å"A large face, seared with a thousand wrinkles. † This leads to the theme of stress because he has spent his life in prison because he killed someone in Calcutta. Also, it leads to the theme of power because of him having a medical degree and that he is a doctor – thoses were high classed jobs. The word â€Å"thousand wrinkles† symbolises that a person has been living a miserable life. The word â€Å"seared† also puts an image in the readers mind that in prison he must have lived a tourtourous life. Also, â€Å"seared† means burned so it reminds the reader that he is forgien. When we first meet Sherlock Holmes, his personality reveals himself as a kind but stern person. His motivation is to solve the mystery of Helen’s sisters death. He has no persona because he is an honest person and as part of a scientific dectective their job is not to be biased but to take everything into account. In that time and place, detectives didn’t consider women as important unless their came with their husbands, fathers or other male relatives. To grab the dectectives attention, unlike Holmes, he treats women and men as equals. His place in society is high because firstly he is a scientific detective and because he loves investigating the real cause of murders for no financial gain, this shows that people have more respect for them as he understand the needs of humanity. A later text, this sort of dectective comes in the film ‘The Fugitive’ because the dectective in the film describes himself a lot like Holmes. â€Å"Dark enough and sinister enough. † This leads to the theme of cunning and cleaverness because as soon as Helencame in, he spotted all the signs on her body that had a link to Dr. Roylott. Also, it leads to the theme of magic and witch craft because usually, witchcraft is more of a major sin than committing a murder but Sherlock Holmes is expressing his thoughts clearly believes that killing someone is a grave sin. This whole quote is a powerful symbol because when he says â€Å"Dark enough† it means that this case is full of obstacles and the words â€Å"sinister enough† means that this kind of case cannot get more evil. Also, if you put the quote together, it makes the reader feel that as if the sin that has been committed there is no forgiveness.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: History and Applications

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: History and Applications 1.0 Introduction Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) relates to the study of the absorption of radiant energy commonly within the ultraviolet or possibly in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum by isolated atoms in the gaseous phase. Considering that, in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, the analyte is introduced to the optical beam of the instrument as free atoms, all the likely rotational and vibrational energy levels are degenerate (of the same energy). Contrary to the absorption spectra of polyatomic chemical species (ions or molecules) in which there is often a multiplicity of feasible transitions corresponding to several rotational and vibrational energy levels superimposed on distinct electronic energy levels, the spectra of free atoms are characterized by merely a reasonably very few sharp absorbances (line spectra) which are often correlated with changes in electronic energy levels. The multitude of possible different energy levels accessible to polyatomic species leads to almos t a continuum of possible transitions. As a result the spectra of ions (molecules) are comprised of somewhat broad bands which are caused by the partial resolution of several individual transitions. Hence, one feature of atomic spectra is their simpleness compared to the spectra of polyatomic species. 2.0 History of Atomic Spectroscopy The historical past associated with atomic spectroscopy can be directly linked to the study of daylight. In 1802, the German researcher Wollaston documented the existence of black colored regions (lines) within the spectrum of natural light. These kind of regions began to be referred to as Fraunhofer lines in honour of the scientist who actually invested most of his illustrious career understanding them. It had been implied, as early as 1820, these particular Fraunhofer lines resulted from absorption processes that took place within the suns environment. Kirchoff and Bunsen established that the standard yellowish light produced by sodium compounds, when positioned in a flame, seemed to be similar to the black colored D line in suns spectrum. Several scientific studies applying a very early spectrometer lead Kirchoff (1859) to report that virtually any substance which could emit light at a provided wavelength also can absorb light at that same exact wavelength. He was the very first r esearcher to discover that theres a comparable relationship regarding the absorption spectrum as well as the emission spectrum of the very same element. Agricola in 1550 used the characteristic colors associated with fumes to control the whole process of smelting of ores. Talbot (1826) and Wheatstone (1835) claimed the fact that colors associated with flame and spark induced emissions were typical of distinct substances. The actual quantitative facets of atomic spectroscopy have been formulated merely within the past 60-70 years. The substitution of photoelectric devices pertaining to visual detection and also the advancement and commercialisation of equipment go back to the later part of 1930s. The creation of all these devices was made feasible not simply owing to continued advancement in the understanding of the principle makeup and behaviour of atoms but have also been reinforced by the growing realisation that the existence of minimal and trace quantities (low mg/kg) of specific elements can impact industrial processes substantially. Consequently, devices had been developed in response to technical and technological demands. Contemporary atomic spectroscopy could very well be divided ideally into 3 connected techniques based on the processes employed to generate, to be able to detect as well as determine the free atoms of analyte. While atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) calculates the amount of light absorbed by atoms of analyte, atomic emission and atomic fluorescence determine the amount of the radiation emitted by analyte atoms (although under distinct conditions) that have been promoted to increased energy levels (excited states). Atomic emission (AE) and atomic fluorescence (AF) vary basically in the procedures through which analyte atoms obtain the extra energy associated with their excited states; perhaps by means of collisional events (AE) or through the absorption of radiant energy (AF). Every one of these 3 spectroscopic techniques can certainly be classified as a trace technique (meaning both a higher level of sensitivity and also a high selectivity), can be pertinent to numerous elements, and yet relative to the other two, every individual technique presents specific benefits as well as drawbacks. Ever since the arrival of commercial atomic absorption spectrometry devices around the early 1960s, this specific technique has quickly obtained wide acceptance to the point where surveys of equipment available in scientific labs have implied, constantly, that an AAS instrument is actually the 4th or 5th most popular instrument (exceeded only by a balance, a pH meter, an ultra violet visible spectrophotometer and quite possibly an HPLC). 3.0 Principles 3.1 Energy Transitions in Atoms Atomic absorption spectra usually are generated in the event that ground state atoms absorb energy originating from a radiation source. Atomic emission spectra tend to be generated if excited neutral atoms discharge energy upon coming back to the ground state or simply a reduced energy state. Absorption of a photon associated with the radiation will cause an exterior shell electron to jump to a greater energy level, switching the particular atom in to an excited state. The excited atom will certainly drop back again to a reduced energy state, liberating a photon during this process. Atoms absorb or discharge radiation of distinct wavelengths considering that the permitted energy levels of electrons in atoms are generally fixed (not arbitrary). The energy change of a typical transition involving 2 energy levels is proportional to your frequency of the absorbed radiation: Eeˆ’Eg = hÃŽÂ ½ where: Ee = energy in excited state Eg = energy in ground state h = Plancks constant ÃŽÂ ½ = frequency of the radiation Rearranging, we have: ÃŽÂ ½ = (Ee ˆ’ Eg)/h or, since ÃŽÂ ½ = c/ÃŽÂ » ÃŽÂ » = hc/(Ee ˆ’ Eg) where: c = speed of light ÃŽÂ » = wavelength of the absorbed or emitted light The aforementioned relationships demonstrate that for any given electronic transition, the radiation of any distinct wavelength will be possibly absorbed or emitted. Every single element contains a distinctive set of permitted transitions and for that reason a distinctive spectrum. Pertaining to absorption, transitions include principally the excitation of electrons in the ground state, therefore the amount of transitions is fairly minimal. Emission, alternatively, takes place in the event that electrons in a number of excited states drop to reduced energy levels which includes, yet not restricted to, the ground state. That is why the emission spectrum possesses far more lines compared to the absorption spectrum. Whenever a transition is via as well as to the ground state, its classified as a resonance transition. Additionally, the ensuing spectral line is termed as a resonance line. 3.2 Atomization Atomic spectroscopy necessitates that atoms belonging to the element of interest remain in the atomic state (i.e not coupled with other components within a compound) not to mention that they must be properly segregated in space. In foodstuffs, pretty much all the components exist as compounds or perhaps complexes and, as a result, should be transformed into neutral atoms (atomized) prior to atomic absorption can be accomplished. Atomization necessitates isolating particles in to individual compounds (by vaporization) and then breaking these compounds in to atoms. Most commonly it is attained simply by exposing the analyte to excessive heat using a flame or perhaps plasma even though alternative strategies can be utilized. A solution comprising the analyte is normally placed in the flame or plasma in the form of fine mist. The actual solvent immediately evaporates, leaving behind solid particles within the analyte which vaporizes as well as decomposes to atoms which may absorb radiati on. This phenomenon is essentially the atomic absorption. This mechanism is displayed schematically in the figure adjacent to this description. 4.0 Instrumentation The typical design of the atomic absorption spectrometer is remarkably uncomplicated and not distinct from the more well-known spectrophotometers utilized for liquid phase studies. It is made up of: A light source that produces the spectrum of the element of interest. Ordinarily a hollow cathode lamp (HCL) and also the electrode-less discharge lamp (EDL) are employed as light sources An atom reservoir (which serves as an absorption cell) through which free atoms of your analyte are usually produced ordinarily a flame. Commonly a nebulizer-burner system as well as an electrothermal furnace function as an atom reservoir. A monochromator, (a piece of equipment to resolve the transmitted light in to its component wavelengths) which has an adjustable exit slit to choose the wavelength complimenting to your resonant line. Generally an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) grating monochromator is utilized. A detector (a photomultiplier tube (PMT) or maybe a solid-state detector (SSD) having ancillary electronics to determine the radiation intensity and also to amplify the ensuing signal. Flame photometers have one crucial disadvantage the flame is a luminous source of radiation. The instrument must recognise the contribution from the flame and disregard it. The power of the beam transmitted to the detector (P) will likely be equivalent to the power of the beam incident on the sample (Po) excluding the power of the beam absorbed (PA) by the sample including a contribution from the luminosity of the flame (PF). P = Po- PA + PF Practically all Atomic Absorption spectrometers function using a radiation source that is modulated (chopped mechanically and / or electrically at a fixed frequency). The net impact would be that the detector will get a modulated signal from your emission source including a constant signal from the flame. The continual signal from your luminous flame will then be subtracted electronically (filtered out by the instrument) through the modulated signal which began from the lamp. This modulated radiation from your lamp is symbolised in the following figure as a dotted line (as opposed to the solid line for the lamp radiation in Figure). 5.0 Applications in Food Analysis Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) can be described as a fairly straightforward and uncomplicated technique and has been one of the most widespread form of atomic spectroscopy in food analysis for several years. It is actually primarily employed for the determination of trace metals within a sample as well as for vitamin level determinations in feeds. 5.1 Trace Metal Determinations in Foods Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy finds its applications extensively in the determination of trace metal concentrations in foodstuffs, Two conditions need to be rigidly met for a trace element analysis to be of any value whatsoever. The analytical sample, that is in fact introduced to the instrument (usually under 1 mL) has to be (i) homogeneous and (ii) a miniature replica of the bulk material that has been sampled. Food materials satisfy the first condition i.e. they are heterogeneous with regards to both particle size as well as analyte concentrations, in addition it varies significantly from one food to a different food when it comes to bulk composition. However, For biological materials, especially for foods, generally speaking, the issue of acquiring a sample that is a accurate miniature replica of the bulk material is particularly severe and may be likely to make contribution considerably to the total uncertainty linked to the final result. The evaluation of foodstuff, as well as biological items in most cases, with regard to trace elements presents specific analytical difficulties which arent experienced with several other sample types. A variety of elements of consideration tend to be present at amounts which range from very low to sub ~g/kg at one particular extreme while some other analyte components can be found at amounts in excess of 100 mg/kg. Considering that an analyte trace element might be found in a variety of chemical forms (several oxidation states, coupled with diverse anions bound to organic ligands or even proteins), the organic component of the analyte may result in significant matrix interferences through the detection process. Usually, to decrease these kinds of interferences the laboratory test sample is pretreated to transform all these variations associated with the analyte to a well-known cationic form whereas destroying the organic components of the sample (that are oxidised to Carbon dioxide a s well as H20). In most cases, these kind of digestion treatments are complicated, time intensive, error prone, and restricted by the dimensions of sample which is often treated. The pre-analysis digestion acts to solubilise the sample(s) to improve homogeneity, and also to decrease probable interferences. Two generalised digestion procedures are popular; (i) samples can be dry ashed in a furnace at 500 to 600~ and the ash solubilised in an acid solution or (2) the sample can be wet digested with a combination of heat, strong acids, and/or oxidising agents. Often, a triacid mixture consisting of concentrated nitric acid, with lesser amounts of 57% (v/v) perchloric and sulphuric acids (40:4:1) is used to digest plant material, however, the proportions of reagents, the sample size (2 g or less) and the volume of the final digest must be rigidly controlled to avoid analyte loss via precipitation (e.g., CaSO4 and/or PbSO4). These digestion reagents are highly corrosive. Moreover, the concentration, by evaporation, of perchloric acid digests can volatile perchlorate salts from the mixture. These salts can accumulate on the walls of the fume hood venting system with explosive results. More recently, efforts have been directed to automating the digestion process and to shortening the time req uired for sample pre-treatment by optimising procedures using microwave digesters. However, digestion procedures which are effective for one food matrix may not be effective with a different food. 5.1.1 Heavy Metals 5.1.1.1 Cadmium and Lead Making use of this approach, Pb and Cd in foodstuffs could be determined. It may well be applied to many other elements as well. The determination of Pb and Cd in foods necessitates initial destruction of organic matter present in the sample. This can be done employing a dry-ashing or even a wet digestion procedure. Pb and Cd by nature, are volatile components. Thus, a good ashing aid like magnesium nitrate or sulfuric acid is often introduced when utilizing a dry-ashing procedure. Pertaining to wet digestion, numerous processes are explained in literature. A good number of of these techniques commonly involve an H2SO4 / H2O2 digestion. Cd and Pb exist in very low levels in foods. For that reason, it is almost always important to concentrate these elements prior to analyzing them through atomic absorption. This is accomplished by chelation as well as extraction directly into an organic solvent or through the use of an ion exchange column. 5.1.1.2 Lead: Analysis of Food Coloring Dyes Analysis of lead metal concentration in organic food coloring dyes can be carried out making use of atomic absorption spectroscopy. Water soluble dyes, in many cases are analyzed effortlessly by very simple dilution using deionized H2O. Water insoluble dyes are generally digested with nitric acid, HClO4, followed by chelation, and are then extracted into xylene. 5.1.1.3 Lead and Copper: Analysis of Meat Products Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy works extremely well in determining the concetration of Pb and Cu in animal meats as well as meat products. Only dry ashing method is commonly employed to the meat samples. Following ashing, the particular samples will be blended in acid as well as diluted. This technique offers the subsequent benefits: 1) usually requires minimal operator attention 2) Virtually no sample losses resulting from splattering, volatilization or perhaps retention on crucibles. 5.1.1.4 Copper, Iron: Analysis of Alcoholic Beverages Alcoholic beverage manufacturers need to have stringent quality control programs which usually symbolize good manufacturing practices. Atomic absorption spectroscopy serves the above mentioned objective by enabling the determination of Copper and Iron concentrations in spirits, gin, whiskey, rum, vermouth and other alike beverages which might be relevant to many other elements as well. Analysis by atomic absorption is precise, quick with no special sample preparation. The samples tend to be aspirated instantly and standards are usually made-up in alcohol to fit the content with the specific sample. 5.1.1.5 Analysis of Wine Using this approach, several metals in wine samples are determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The wine sample is diluted and analyzed using aqueous standards for the determination of Sodium and Potassium ion concentrations. Specific heavy metals for instance copper and zinc could possibly be determined by direct aspiration vs standards made up of identical quantities of alcohol. Heavy metals might be determined through the use of an evaporation/ashing method to prepare the samples. Metals present in low concentrations can be concentrated by using an organic solvent extraction. 5.1.1.6 Analysis of Beer AAS can additionally be used for the determination of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pb, Ni, Cu, Fe and Zn in beer. Most of these elements can easily be determined straightaway within beer. Nonetheless, elements found in higher levels should be diluted and also analyzed at wavelengths of relatively lower sensitivity. Elements like Pb, Ni and Fe exist in extremely low levels in beer. Solvent extraction could be used to concentrate these elements. Practically all beers should be decarbonated through shaking or simply by swiftly transferring via one beaker to a different one repeatedly. The foam generated needs to be permitted to collapse back to the actual liquid prior to sampling further more. With regards to canned and bottled beers, 1-2 drops of octyl alcohol is added to regulate foam as appropriate. In the event that solvent extraction is needed to concentrate the components of great interest, 25 mL of each and every standard solution and also beer sample is pipetted in to standalone darkened 100-mL flasks which in turn are usually equilibrated inside a water bath at 25  °C for half an hour, 2.5 milliliters APDC (1%) solution is added in, blended and 15 milliliters MIBK is added. The flasks usually are shaked intensely for five mins and even centrifuged to split up the layers. With regard to aqueous samples, alcohol can be included to the actual standards to ensure that content is similar to the samples. Pertaining to organic extraction, it is ascertained that the standards are made-up in organic solvents. 5.1.1.7 Analysis of Whole Kernel Corn AAS finds its applications in the determination of heavy metals in corn that includes Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu and Cr. Proper care is taken to make sure that all the organic matter is destroyed without any subsequent loss in trace metals when determining the heavy metal content level in corn samples. As there are merely little amounts of lead, Cd and C, and taking into consideration these particular elements exist in our environmental surroundings, contamination of samples through exterior sources is definitely problem to deal with. A sample that is at least 15 grams is actually weighed and subsequently a wet digestion is carried out with a combination of nitric acid and perchlorate. The resultant digest will then be refluxed with hydrochloric acid, diluted to volume and analyzed via atomic absorption. 5.1.1.8 Analysis of Fish and Seafood An acid digestion procedure is used for sample determination of many elements in fish and seafood  tissue including K, Na, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni and Pb. A weighed sample is placed in a digestion vessel, acid is added and the mixture is heated for several hours. The samples are digested with HNO3 and HClO4 or HNO3 and H2SO4 depending on the technique and heating vessel used. After the digestion, the samples are diluted to a specific volume and analyzed directly or chelated and extracted into an organic solvent if the element of interest is present in low concentration. The main advantage of this method is that it eliminates elemental loss by volatilization because the digestion takes place at a low temperature. The main disadvantages of a wet digestion procedure are that it is subject to reagent contamination and requires operator attention. Dry ashing is a method that can be used for the determination of several elements in fish and seafood samples including Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Co, Na and K. It has been reported that the major drawback to dry ashing is loss of metal due to volatilization. However, if the temperature in the muffle furnace is held at 450-500  °C, loss from volatilization is minimal. The dry-ashing method is less time-consuming than wet digestion methods. When levels of Pb and Cd are too low to be determined directly, solvent extraction can be used to concentrate these elements 5.1.1.9 Analysis of Fruit Juice Making use of this specific strategy, AAS can determine the concentration of calcium, magnesium, manganeese, iron, potassium, sodium, selenium and zinc in fruit juices. Dry ashing or wet oxidation can be employed; nevertheless these strategies tend to be time intensive. The juice sample may be hydrolyzed with a strong acid, allowing the preparation of several samples at once; the sample is then filtered after which it is analyzed by atomic absorption. To determine elements like Pb which are found in lower concentrations, chelation and solvent extraction may be used to concentrate the component of interest. 5.1.1.10 Analysis of Milk This technique details the determination of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium and Copper elements in milk by means of AAS. Making use of this process, typically the milk proteins which includes casein usually are precipitated through the use of trichloroaceticacid (TCA). The samples are then filtered and the resultant filtrate is analyzed by atomic absorption. 5.1.1.11 Analysis of Evaporated Milk: Lead AAS may also be used for the determination of Pb in evaporated milk. In this methodology, the milk sample is dry ashed after which it is extracted as the ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) into butyl acetate and is then determined by atomic absorption making use of the 283.3 nm wavelength 5.1.1.12 Analysis of Baking Powder: Aluminum The presence of aluminum metal in baking powder can be detected as well as determined by atomic absorption technique. The methodology is as follows, 1 g of sample is accurately weighed into a 250 mL Kjeldahl flask, and 2.0 mL sulphuric acid is then added, followed by the addition 3 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide. This leads to a vigorous reaction between the sample and the reagents. Once the vigorous reaction subsides, heat is applied using a Bunsen flame till the sample begins to char. 1 mL of additional increments of hydrogen peroxide is added and heated until the solution no longer chars; This is followed by another round of heating till fumes of SO3 emerge. The sample is then cooled and 50 mL water is added and one Pyrex glass chip and boiled for 3-5 min. The sampe is further cooled and filtered through Whatman No. 2 fast paper into a 100-mL volumetric flask rinsing thoroughly with H2O. The filtrate is diluted to volume. A reagent blank of 2.0 mL sulphuric acid  and 30% hydrogen p eroxide is prepared. The standards are also prepared and the aluminum concentration is determined using the conditions listed on the Standard Conditions pages. 5.1.1.13 Analysis of Edible Oils Char-Ashing Technique This method can be used to determine Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na and K in glyceride oil, copper hydrogenated edible oils, salad oils, soybean oil and vegetable oils. It may also be applicable to other elements. The disadvantage of the char-ashing technique is that it is tedious and lengthy since the oil sample must first be completely carbonized on a hot plate before it is ashed in a muffle furnace. The entire process takes about 2 days. The advantage of this method is that it gives accurate results for several elements and it allows analysis for trace metals at a much lower level than direct aspiration. Digestion of oil samples using sulfuric acid has also been reported. Direct Solvent Method Analysis by direct aspiration of fats and oils diluted with various organic solvents has found widespread use as a rapid method for the determination of trace metals in various oil samples. This method is applicable to the determination of Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, Mg, Ca, K and Rh and may be applicable to other elements. Using this method, oil samples are dissolved in various organic solvents or mixtures of solvents including MIBK, acetone, ethanol, isoamyl acetate/methyl alcohol and then read directly by atomic absorption. The main advantage of this method is that it is very rapid and little sample preparation is needed. The main disadvantages are that the samples are diluted and so some metals will be present in low concentrations and it is sometimes difficult to find oil standards that matrix match the samples being analyzed. 5.1.1.14 Analysis of Tea and Instant Tea: Copper, Nickel AAS could be used for the determination of Cu and Ni in tea. Copper and nickel salts are usually put in place to act as a protectant and eradicant to protect the crop from blister blight. It is a fungus disorder which has an effect on tea. A definitive technique to determine both of these elements is essential for good quality control purposes. The 2 samples are generally wet-ashed utilizing a blend of HNO3 and HClO4. Instant teas decompose quickly and hence digestion with nitric acid alone would suffice. The principal benefit of wet ashing is the fact that it minimizes elemental loss given that the digestion occurs at a reduced temperature. Even so, its susceptible to reagent contamination and necessitates operator attention. Samples can even be dry-ashed. The standard solutions ought to be matrix matched to prevent interferences from Sodium or Potassium.

Free Trade :: essays research papers

American Political Science Review Vol. 94, No.2 June 2000 "Free to Trade: Democracies, Autocracies, and International Trade" The central question that is explored in this article is what kind of political regime is best for free trading in domestic or international commerce. At the same time it address the variation between democracy and autocracy, not on variation within either regime type. Some of the major articles discussed in the author's review of the literature are the actors and their preferences; such actors as the chief executive and legislatures in a democracy and a unitary actor in autocracy. Also mentions one of the major aspect of trade, the noncooperative trade barrier settings. Which usually happens when countries do not agree to mutual trade settings. The other article in the literature tends to compare the level of trade barriers and regime type. It does this by looking at the level of trade barriers across the three types of regime pairs; if trade barriers are lower with in democracy pairs than pairs composed of an autocracy and a democracy. The principal hypothesis the authors seek to test is "the ratification responsibility of the legislature in democratic states leads pairs of democracies to set trade barriers at a lower level than mixed country-pairs." The major independent variables used in this article are political economy of trade policy, domestic political institutions and commercial policy. The dependent variables are foreign policy of the involved countries and the chief executive. In order to collect data and analysis, the authors used the national income and population of both trading partners, as well as the geographic distance between them. They also looked at the competitiveness of the process through which a country's chief executive is selected, the openness of that process, the competitiveness of

pvr demand stretch :: essays research papers

Various Strategies Used By PVR For Stretching Supply To Meet The Demand This Strategy involves altering and aligning the organization capacity to meet the demand i.e. when demand for services is at its peak, capacity is expanded and when the demand is low, capacity is reduced to conserve the organization resources. The primary services resources that can be expanded and contracted temporarily to meet the demand are discussed below: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   labor 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Facilities 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Equipments 1) Time: PVR brought in the concept of flexi-hours and it has eliminated that old traditional show timings of 9-12am,12-3,3-6 etc. They came with the odd hours show timings like 10:50, 2:20,3:40,7:25 which suits the requirements of different type of viewers. Like school bunkers can go for 10:50 am show, college going students after attending their classes can view 2:20 pm show and on the other side corporate executives can go for 7:25 pm show. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  labor : Labor is one area where an organization faces major constraint when demand changes. In case of high demand period like summer vacations ,week-ends, PVR increase no. of employees by hiring part-time employees during peak period. They increase the no. of employees at the ticket counter, inside the auditorium, and at the refreshment counter. They are adopting Cross training i.e one employee is trained in more than one job, like person sitting at ticket counter also do the job of usher. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facilities : In case of High demand PVR plan it out well in advance based on experience and increase the number and frequency of screenings. May be extending the screening in the next weeks schedule. More no of auditoriums are there , wide choice when more no of movies are releasing on the same day- but this is one time investment i. pvr demand stretch :: essays research papers Various Strategies Used By PVR For Stretching Supply To Meet The Demand This Strategy involves altering and aligning the organization capacity to meet the demand i.e. when demand for services is at its peak, capacity is expanded and when the demand is low, capacity is reduced to conserve the organization resources. The primary services resources that can be expanded and contracted temporarily to meet the demand are discussed below: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   labor 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Facilities 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Equipments 1) Time: PVR brought in the concept of flexi-hours and it has eliminated that old traditional show timings of 9-12am,12-3,3-6 etc. They came with the odd hours show timings like 10:50, 2:20,3:40,7:25 which suits the requirements of different type of viewers. Like school bunkers can go for 10:50 am show, college going students after attending their classes can view 2:20 pm show and on the other side corporate executives can go for 7:25 pm show. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  labor : Labor is one area where an organization faces major constraint when demand changes. In case of high demand period like summer vacations ,week-ends, PVR increase no. of employees by hiring part-time employees during peak period. They increase the no. of employees at the ticket counter, inside the auditorium, and at the refreshment counter. They are adopting Cross training i.e one employee is trained in more than one job, like person sitting at ticket counter also do the job of usher. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facilities : In case of High demand PVR plan it out well in advance based on experience and increase the number and frequency of screenings. May be extending the screening in the next weeks schedule. More no of auditoriums are there , wide choice when more no of movies are releasing on the same day- but this is one time investment i.

Ancient civilization Essay

Ancient civilization was characterized with a culture that was rich in content, and embraced all aspects of human life. Religion for instance was so much emphasized as the basic support to human life. Assyrian winged protective deities were Egyptian religious figures. The chapel of Sekhem-ank-ptah is another unique aspect of history and has its weight on the wall hangings which had various writing inscribed on them. Lamassu, which is also known as lama is one of the Assyrian deities which had an obligation of protecting the people. This religious power existed between C883-613 in the Assyrian territory. The religious wall hangings found in the chapel of sekhen-ank-ptah has close similarity to Lama. All of them existed to in the ancient days with the wall hangings dating back to 2450 to 2350 BC. The region of existence of the wall hangings was however Sakkara in the late dynasty 5 (Tomasi, M. 2006). The two unique powers had varying representations. Lama was displayed as a large bull with horns and was always placed as a monument at the entrance of palaces. The gender of Lama was of the form of human males. Great artists always confirmed that the Assyrian deities with wings were actually apotropaic figures. Wall hangings on the other hands were made using thick papyrus which was obtained from swamps, lots of drawings were posted on the wall hangings and these drawings had various interpretations of divine nature. One similarity however is the material used to make them. All were made using sacred items. Lamassa represented a standing figure and served as a servant to a superior god. This meant that all visitors of the superior god were welcomed by the lame. Lama also had one great duty of protecting people against evil forces. The wall hangings on the other hands acted as a reminder of the baths to be taken in life. Some parts of the wall; hanging represented the process of giving offerings in church. The pictures had diagrams of animals in motion. Al these had interpretation. For example, the wall hanging on butchers at work and that showing plants in the field had an interpretation that the people were mainly farmers. Generosity in terms of giving food is also an output obtained form this diagram. The ancient Assyrian people believed in these symbols of deity and followed the beliefs carefully. Any violation of the precepts was believed to bring curses both then and the generation that followed

Business And Organization: questions and answers Essay

1. Distinguish between an absolute advantage and a comparative advantage. Cite an example of a country that has an absolute advantage and one with a comparative advantage. Absolute advantage is when a monopoly exists in a country when it is the only source and product of an item. Meanwhile, a comparative advantage is when a country can supply products more efficiently and at a lower cost than it can produce other items. South Africa has an absolute advantage because of its diamonds. The United States has a comparative advantage because of the many products we produce. 3. What effect does devaluation have on a nation’s currency? Can you think of a country that has devaluated or revaluated its currency? What have been the results?Devaluation decreases the value of currency in relation to other currencies. Mexico is a country that has devalued their currency. The result of this is to make things less expensive. 4. How do political issues affect international business?Political issues affect international business by it helps to sell products overseas. 5. What is an import tariff? A quota? Dumping? How might a country use import tariffs and quotas to control its balance of trade and payments? Why can dumping result in the imposition of tariffs and quotas?An import tariff is a tax made by the nation on goods imported into the country. A quota limits the amount of products that can be imported into a country. Dumping is a country selling products at less than what it costs to produce them. A country uses import tariffs to protect domestic products by raising the price of imported ones. A country uses quotas by voluntary agreement or by government decree. Dumping can result in the imposition of tariffs and quotas because it permits quick entry into the market or a firm’s product is too small to have a certain level of production. 6. How do social and cultural differences create barriers to international trade? Can you think of any additional social or cultural barriers (other than those mentioned in this chapter) that might inhibit international  business?Social and cultural differences create barriers to international trade by cultural differences in spoken and written languages are different. A certain phrase in America can be defined as something very different and sometimes inappropriate in another culture. Body languages and personal space are also an affect. These differences can cause misunderstandings or uncomfortable feelings toward a specific business. Another cultural barrier may be a certain religion and something that person believes in. A business may be mocking a religion without knowing anything about it. 8. At what levels might a firm get involved in international business? What level requires the least commitment of resources? What level requires the most?A firm might get involved in international business at many levels, it depends on the commitment and effort a certain company decides to involve itself in international trade. The least commitment of resources is a small company on the level of less than 100 employees. The level which requires the most is a large company with more than 500 employees. 9. Compare and contrast licensing, franchising, contract manufacturing, and outsourcing. Licensing is a trade arrangement in which on company allows another to use its company’s name, products, patents, brands, trademarks, raw materials, and many others in exchange for a fee or royalty. Franchising is a form of licensing in which a company agrees to provide their name, logo, methods of operation, advertising, products, and other elements in return for a financial commitment and the agreement to conduct business in accordance with the original standard of operations. Contract manufacturing is when a company hires a foreign company to produce a specified amount of the firm’s product to specification. Outsourcing is transferring manufacturing or other tasks to companies in countries where labor and supplies are less expensive. All of these ideas are similar in the way it helps businesses expand their work into more areas of their own countries or in foreign countries as well. 10. Compare multinational and global strategies. Which is best? Under what circumstances might each be used?Multinational strategies are plans used by  international companies that involve customizing products, promotion, and distribution according to cultural, technological, regional, and national differences. Global strategies involve standardizing products for the whole world. The best is global strategies because it helps the world recognize different cultures and understand the way one culture believes to another. A global strategy is used by American clothing, movies, music, and cosmetics. A Multinational strategy is used by celebrities being advertised in one country but can’t be advertised in another because of the unfamiliarity. Book: Business Organization and Management

The evolution of the Humanitarian Intervention doctrine with a focus Dissertation

The evolution of the Humanitarian Intervention doctrine with a focus on the most important developments of post 90's - Dissertation Example No, doubt the notion for HI has received some flash light in recent years but the inclination trend has been notifies only among western countries while G-77 which consists of 133 states and among them 122 states have rejected the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. Endorsing humanitarian intervention has been controversial only due to the lack of consensus and willingness about the legitimacy and legality of this doctrine which has contained HI doctrine. Regarding the practice of Humanitarian Intervention during 1990s in Iraq, Haiti, Rwanda Bosnia, Chechnya and Somalia showered the interests and willingness of Security Council to sanction Chapter VII of the UN Charter for enforcing operations in reaction to interior conflicts and human rights abuses but in purview of disorder to international peace and security and yet the authorization and legitimacy remained in function of the authorization from SC and use of force was called justified and legal. However, this harmony among per manent member states of the Security Council does not represent the voice of the global community. Although this harmonization among permanent member states was apparently dissipated during the crisis when China and Russia showed intentions for rejection of the resolution for humanitarian intervention which later was conducted by NATO without any authorization from the Council. This illustration of use of force against the norms of the International Law provoked another frenzied debate about whether this unilateral military action was symptomatic of the legality of humanitarian interventions which has not been authorized by the Security Council. Undeniably, the Kosovo intrusion was questionable which aggravated the present niggle with this regime because it was inimitable and it raised the problems of the legitimacy while some analysts asserted that this use of force against humanitarian violence was a new emerging norm and custom of International Law by which states practice use of force to eliminate human rights violations , on the other hand some scholars simply admitted the fact that this humanitarian intervention can gradually be accepted as legal and justified practice because considering the sufferings of Albanians it can be sanctioned as legitimate. 25 Humanitarian intervention in Kosovo soon became the renowned action of NATO against human rights violations, which then ended up with Independent International Commission on Kosovo (IICK) . No doubt that under the Article 51 and Article 52 of United Nations states that the ultimate legitimacy of any humanitarian intervention rests within the powers of Security Council. The purpose of this commission was to inquire the legitimacy of NATO’s intervention and analyse the implications of this intervention whether it can be declared legitimate or NATO’s actions require further punishment for its violation of UN Charter. Although the intervention was declared illegal but appropriate in accordance with International Law. However the Commission’s definition of legality turned seemingly narrow and irrespective of its illegalities, the commission focused exclusively on the moral and ethical aspects besides respecting the preferences of super power USA under whose

Should Companies Allow Employees to Exercise on Work Time Coursework

Should Companies Allow Employees to Exercise on Work Time - Coursework Example Furthermore in a recent research, for workers who were more active physically, job burnout was less likely to develop into depression. In this research, the greatest benefits were attained by people who exercised hours weekly. High levels of energy, as well as daily health, are just among the benefits that originate from exercise. Weight loss is an unbelievable outcome that has happened from exercise for some individuals. Increasing physical activity has been proved to burn more calories, which assists in breaking a weight loss plateau (Scott, 2008). Physical activity has not just proved to reduce obdurate body fat, but also to lower blood pressure levels, cholesterol, as well as reduce the risks of diabetes and cancer (Hellmich, 2008). This enables an individual to live healthier and longer just with some exercise. According to Hellmich (2007), exercising can as well suppress appetite suppressant since it leaves an individual feeling less hungry. Some overweight individuals have been seen to have issues with cardiac problems in later life. Habitual exercise has proved to protect against illnesses linked with persistent low-grade systemic inflammation (Peterson & Pederson, 2005). Being overweight does not automatically mean one may not be in shape. It is in some individuals’ body nature to carry extra weight as indicated in most studies. One research showed that the exercise benefit was enjoyed despite the body mass and that being thinner does not always mean being fitter (Australian, 2007). One can have a look at a manual labor job of several athletes from boxing to football see overweight individuals that are in incredible shape. A number of types of exercise have proved not to assist in ridding away body fat. Moreover, exercise has even been associated to lower the level of stress as well as fire up a range of brain chemicals that might leave an individual feeling happier as well as more relaxed as compared to before she or he