cars :: essays research papers

It's been all too long since a new American sedan created anything more than an apathetic yawn from consumers. Between relentless Japanese competition and America's seemingly endless obsession with trucks and SUVs, the idea that a domestic four-door could be the "it" car of the year seemed laughable. Then along came Chrysler's new 300 sedan, a car so unabashedly nontraditional in both its style and its substance that it makes the competition look hopelessly bland in comparison. Chrysler veered from the usual route of designing a car that would appeal to the broadest swath of the general public and instead went for a look that's original at best and polarizing at worst. Like it or not, there's no denying that it has a presence on the road that no Camry or Taurus could ever hope to duplicate. Backing up its sinister looks is the performance of a rear-wheel-drive chassis and a suspension design shared with some of its more expensive Mercedes cousins. And not only does the outrageous exterior look good, it surrounds a cavernous, well-trimmed interior that's as spacious as any sedan on the road. Built to straddle the lines between upscale family car and entry-level luxury sport sedan, the 300 offers both a base V6 (190 horsepower) and a midlevel V6 (250 hp), depending on your budget. As surprisingly adept as these V6s are at getting the big sedan up to speed, it's the top-of-the-line Hemi-engined 300C that gives the car its star power. With 340 horses running through a five-speed automatic transmission, the 300C is in a class of its own. And if that's not enough, you can always step up to the high-performance SRT-8 version that packs a 425-hp Hemi under the hood along with larger wheels and a lowered stance. Chrysler took a chance when it decided on such a radical design for the 300 and the results speak for themselves.

Successful implementation of ERP Systems: issues and obstacles

Introduction: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are packaged (but customizable) software applications, which manage data from various organizational activities and provide a fully integrated solution to major organizational data management problems. It integrates all data and processes of an organization into one single and centralized system. These systems comprise of many components of hardware and software, in order to achieve integration from various departments in the organization. With the development of new technologies it’s an essential part of their long-term competitive strategy. ERP software applications can be used to manage product planning, purchase, inventory, interacting with suppliers, customer relationship management service, and order tracking.Discussion: Enterprise resource planning (ERP) packages touch many aspects of a company’s internal and external operations. Consequently, successful deployment and use of ERP systems are critical to org anizational performance and survival. This paper presents the results of a study of the problems and outcomes in ERP, a project which was conducted under the sponsorship of an ERP systems vendor. Enterprise systems (or enterprise resource planning systems – ERP) have been instrumental in advancing efficiency in organizations throughout  the world.However, David Hebert of the Hackett Group stated, â€Å"Only a select few companies have gotten value out of their ERP implementations, and those are world-class companies†. Many companies are radically changing their information technology strategies to maintain a competitive advantage, become more responsive to change markets, and deliver better service at lower cost by purchasing off-the-shelf integrated ERP software instead of developing IT systems in-house. [1][2][3]ERP System: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are software packages that use relational database technology to integrate various units of an organ ization's information system. ERP systems provide several separate, but integrated modules, which can be installed as a package for any organization [4]. Many large corporations use several different and separate information systems, often because they have merged with and/or acquired other companies with varied systems. An ERP system integrates these separate information systems and results in improved data reliability and processing efficiency.ERP systems quickly became popular with large corporations that needed a seamless integration of their business, but are now frequently used by small to mid-sized companies. The excellent ability of ERP systems to simplify business transaction processing, eliminate work that adds little or no value, and simultaneously improve customer service are the main reasons for the outstanding success and popularity of these systems [5] ERP Model:Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are off-the-shelf software packages that support most of the key functions of an enterprise, such as logistics, sales, and financial management. These systems are generic, and the functionality they provide can serve a large variety of enterprises. ERP is a critical strategic tool to achieve business goals. However, ERP adoption is not always successful despite using substantial amount of time and human and material resources. To prevent ERP failures, proper adoption processes and selection criteria should be considered to minimize possible losses. To explain the ERP Fig: Modelin an easily understandable format you have to know about the 4ps marketing  model. Usually the 4Ps marketing model was a general marketing model where the 4Ps originally stood for people, product, promotion and price [6]. Over the years, this model has been changed to become a business model and was modified by replacing promotion and price with process and performance [7]. The modified 4P business model was created to architect the ERP Conceptual model because several people working in management are familiar with the concept of the 4Ps.The ERP model is made of 4 components that are implemented through a methodology. This figure demonstrates the integration between the components. Methodology encircles all four of the components to illustrate that each component is addressed and implemented in an integrated manner. [7] [8]ERP System implementation: With the development of new technologies many companies now consider technological improvements an essential part of their long-term competitive strategy, and consequently try to apply these technologies. Computer technology has brought about many benefits in helping the construction industry meet increasingly complex challenges. It has achieved a wide range of successful applications at the project level such as engineering design, project estimating, scheduling, planning and control, and integrated project management.H. Klaus and G. Gable analyzed the concept of ERP, in order to explain its origin. T hey consider that the designation is not related to the role and characteristics of this system. The integrated system of type ERP is not focused on the resource management and it is not very developed within planning area, as its name may suggest it. It is rather focused on the integration of all organization departments, functions and processes within a single computer informational system, capable of supporting all these areas, with their individual and specific requirements. [8]Design of Evaluation Model for ERP System: ERP allows employees to share information, query data, and run reports. This eliminates the need to store duplicate information in more than one place and reduces the amount of work necessary to gather and analyze information  [9]. ERP systems increase efficiency by freeing employees from performing time consuming, manual work. For example, legacy systems often require hours or days to run reports. With ERP, reports can be produced in seconds. These efficiencie s allow employees to spend time on other tasks; reducing operating expenses. Here’s a proposed evaluation design model for ERP system-The proposed ERP evaluation model [8]Issues in Implementing ERP: A Case Study: Information technology/systems play a major role in improving the competitiveness of organizations. There are numerous enterprise information software packages available in the market. One of them is enterprise resource planning (ERP). ERP can provide signiï ¬ cant improvements in eï ¬Æ'ciency across a company, but only when implemented correctly. Otherwise, an ERP system could be a curse and drag the whole enterprise into spiraling ineï ¬Æ'ciency.Planning for ERP systems and their implementations requires an integrated approach to meet the requirements of various functional areas. With a brief overview of ERP implementations, this paper describes some experiences of an ERP implementation in a water corporation. The case study reveals some of the intricacies duri ng the planning and implementation stages that may occur in any company in any part of the world. Suggestions are oï ¬â‚¬ered in resolving the issues of implementing ERP.The criteria for success (and failure): Whether a system is branded as a success or a failure is a judgment, usually made at some point in time by one or more people with the benefit of hindsight. Most people, for example, consider that the new system at Heathrow airport’s Terminal 5 was a failure when it opened in 2008. Now, however, that same system (more accurately, system of systems) is operating successfully with few reported problems on a day-to-day basis.[10] The judgment of whether a project has ‘failed’ is not a simple yes/no decision. It is common for systems that initially did not live up to expectations to evolve over time to deliver useful services. However, management usually regard a project tends as a success if it meets three high-level criteria:It should be delivered on time It should be delivered within budget It should deliver the expected functionalityIn addition to these should be added the considerations of the users, to make sure that the system fits in with their everyday working: It should be acceptable to the users (and hence used).If a project fails to satisfy one or more of these criteria when it is deployed, it is likely to be labeled a failure. If we closely examine the causes of system failures, we see that most of them are not attributable to failures of the technology. Instead, they are failures of the socio-technical system, often arising because the social and organizational aspects either have not been appropriately considered, or have been separated from the technological aspects.It is important that the social and technical aspects of the overall system are developed in parallel, because they are often interdependent. If they are developed separately, any mismatches may not be detected until late in the project when they are invariabl y expensive and time-consuming to correct, and can even lead to the project being abandoned.The most important problems of ERP system implementation: There are several studies dealing with difficulties in enterprise system implementation. The researchers use different concepts, which have various scopes and meanings. As a result, comparing and integrating their findings is difficult. The number of recognized categories of problems and issues experienced by companies adopting ERP system varies from two through three to five. The identified groups cover issues of various nature and scope, e.g., technical, operational, legal, business/economic, organizational, managerial etc. The respondents opinions regarding the problems observed in ERP system, divided into the described categories, are presented in Table 1. Within each category, various difficulties are listed together with a short description. [11]Table: Problems occurring during ERP system implementation [11] ProblemDetailsOrganiz ational problems: Project goalsLack of clearly defined goals of the implementation project; incorrectly defined goals; lack of prioritiesCompany’s conditionPoor company organization; unclear organizational procedures; unclear strategyCommunication Problems with communication and information flow; different understanding of the same ideas by different departmentsDecision makingProblems with decision making (e.g., regarding personnel); indecisiveness of company representativesPersonnel availabilityKey employees unavailable; workers’ lack of timeConflicts Conflicts between a company’s departments; conflicts during organizational changeImplementationMistakes in project management; lack of risk management; lack of implementation tasks’ coordinationmanagementOrganizational and ownership changes during the project; changes in requirements;Changes in a companychanges in company organizational structure imposed by the introduced systemTrainingInadequate training p hase of a project; cutting trainingSocial problems: Employees’ knowledge and educationLack of management competence; lack of personnel computer literacy; lack of knowledge about company operations, enterprise systems and their implementationTop managementLack of top management support and involvement; lack of project understanding by top managementImplementation teamLack of implementation team members’ commitment; inadequate composition of implementation team (e.g., too few people, people not empowered to make decisions)MotivationLack of employees’ motivation to perform implementation tasks and learn new skillsResistance to new systemResistance of middle management, IT staff, and system users; people avoiding implementation dutiesResistance to changePeople highly accustomed to existing solutions and unwilling to changeProject managerLack of a project manager; inadequate person appointed as a project manager; necessity of sharing time between implementation tasks and organizational dutiesSystem provider’s competenceConsultants lacking competence, knowledge, and experience; problems with the availability of system provider’s servicesProject acceptancePeople not convinced about the project; lack of general acceptance for the project; problem with project acceptance by people not involved in implementation dutiesPersonnel’s fearFear about possible consequences of implementation project: loss of job, position, and statusUsers’ responsibility Lack of responsibility and care among people entering data into the systemTechnical problems: DataProblems with completing and organizing system data; problems with transferring data from legacy systems to ERP systemSystem efficiencyUsers unable to enter data on-line; problems with customer and provider order handlingSystem drawbacksImplementers unaware of program’s errors and shortcomings; lack of efficient application testing;Economic problems: High costsInadequate finan cial budget for the project; loss of financial resources; lack of financial flexibility and resource allocationThe problems discovered in Table 1 refer to practically all stakeholders involved in the project: employees, implementation team members (who are functional departments’ managers in enterprise X), and top management representatives. Next, the organizations suffered from the high costs involved and problems connected with goals definition.Conclusion: There is no silver bullet that can be used to kill off the potential for failure of ERP system development projects. The proportion of failures remains stubbornly high, even though several of the factors that are associated with failures appear to be known. A quick look at several of the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Top 10† style lists of factors associated with failures (and successes) reveals that no two lists are identical, although there are several factors that recur on many lists.The lack of agreement suggests that the analyses of the reasons for failure may be overgeneralising, by treating all failures as being more or less the same, whereas there are really different types of failure that arise through different combinations of factors. Reference 1. Markus. L. â€Å"learning from adopters’ experiences with ERP: problems encountered & success achieved†, online journal , available at- http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CEUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farrell-associates.com.au%2FBPI%2FPapers%2FERP%2520Research.pdf&ei=fWEdUPOyGIWIrAez_oGwAg&usg=AFQjCNFh8bwBuLBbiHMbCVvoLWoej1TJOQ&sig2=Oe695TrVDvjagLr3jWUNbA , accessed on 26th July 2012. 2. Marnewick. C. and Labuschagne. L. (2005),†A conceptual model for enterprise resource planning (ERP)†,Information Management & Computer Security, Vol. 13 Iss: 2 pp. 144 – 155, available at- http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09685220510589325 , accessed on 1st aug 2012 . 3. Hooks, A. (2002), â€Å"Change management: how to reduce the risk of change†, available at: www.internext-group.com 4. Bae. B. 2004. â€Å"Implemantation of ERP Systems† Journal. 5. Gibbs, Jeff. â€Å"The power of enterprise computing.† Internal Auditor . Feb. 1997. 6. Alexandrou, M. (2002), â€Å"Supply chain management (SCM) definition†, available at: www.marialexadrou.com/glossary/scm.sp 7. Marnewick, C. and Labuschagne, L. (2005),†A conceptual model for enterprise resource planning (ERP)†,Information Management & Computer Security, Vol. 13 Iss: 2 pp. 144 – 155 8. Bryson, K. amd William E. Sullivan, (2003),†Designing effective incentive-oriented contracts for application service provider hosting of ERP systems†, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 9 Iss: 6 pp. 705 – 721. Available at- http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14637150310506648. Accessed on- 25th july 2012. 9. D.P. Goyal, Gurbinder Randhawa, (2007),†Design of evaluation model for ERP systems: an empirical study of Indian Industry†, Journal of Advances in Management Research, Vol. 4 Iss: 1 pp. 63 – 73 available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/972798108000125. Accessed on 28th july 2012 10. Kakouris, A.P. and Polychronopoulos.G, (2005),†Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System: An Effective Tool for Production Management†, Management Research News, Vol. 28 Iss: 6 pp. 66 – 78 11. Joseph R. Muscatello, Michael H. Small, Injazz J. Chen, (2003),†Implementing enterprise resource planning(ERP) systems in small and midsize manufacturing firms†, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 23 Iss: 8 pp. 850 – 871

Censorship Cases in America - 1404 Words

Censorship is the process of suppressing something that is considered objectionable or offensive† (Truly 1). It is also the obstruction of Freedom of Expression. The process starts when a work is found offensive because its contents are considered vulgar, contradicting to beliefs and values, or violent. Concerned citizens form groups and create a strong social pressure to force the government or schools to remove the content. The information introduced in schools can contradict the ideas and values taught at home. Therefore parents become offended and request for the information to be censored. In an effort for schools to maintain order and discipline throughout, they may censor within reason. The First Amendment rights cannot be fully enforced in public schools since they may cause disruption. This causes such controversy and debate, because the preconditions of what can be censored are based on judgement. Cases may be taken to court; the ruling of a lower court may be contro versial enough to elevate the case in to higher courts, eventually the Supreme Court. Overall, schools have authority over the types of information available to students. Censorship is a widely debated topic, because it has the power to dictate the types of diverse and contrasting ideas exposed to students. There are many different opinions on this subject with very valid reasons behind those opinions. For example, those opposed to censorship say that censorship violates the people’s inalienableShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Censorship On The Internet1558 Words   |  7 PagesGovernment and Politics October 30 2017 Censorship The internet is a vast database that allows for the entire world to be connected. However most people while surfing the internet have come across a censored page, or a website saying that this site has been â€Å"legally† blocked by the government. Censorship is defined as the suppression or prohibition of free speech by preventing a person from saying what they want to say. Typically in modern society, censorship takes place on the internet when certainRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1200 Words   |  5 Pagesfictional book about a protagonist’s attempt to overcome a dystopian society’s corruption, was written by Ray Bradbury while living in 1950’s America. The book focuses on themes of censorship, and illustrates the effects of when a society is controlled and limited. The correlation between the story and the time it was written is incontestable, as censorship in the 1950’s was a very relevant controversy of the time. During the 1950â₠¬â„¢s, there were limits on the publicity of political information, worksRead MoreThe Freedom Of Speech Across The World Wide Web1133 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Paper #1 Internet censorship has been a growing issue in America. Many bills like The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act (PIPA) are trying to be passed that are trying to control the internet. If the internet is censored and controlled by the government we will be losing our freedom of speech across the world-wide web. This is huge issue in other countries where people are jailed and prosecuted forRead MoreCensorship : Censorship And Censorship Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn the modern sense, political correctness has become a form of censorship. With protestors forcing students to find alternate routes to school or pushing the administration to cancel guest speakers in fear of triggering students, the modern-day university is no longer a place of free, critical, thinking, but a place of censorship. Political correctness (is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended primari ly not to offend or disadvantage any group of people in society. InRead MoreThe Invention Of The World Wide Web1674 Words   |  7 Pagesthey are living in. The threat of privacy is not something that just came about when the internet became a way of life over the past five to ten years. Internet privacy has been a concern since before the turn of the century. In 1999, there was a case where a woman named Amy Boyer who was stalked and murdered. Her stalker was able to succeed in the plan of murder by receiving Boyer’s social security number online (Sullivan). The fact that an event like this was happening in 1999, when less thanRead MoreModern Technology And Its Effect On Society Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe people, thus the cost of safety should not be on the shoulders of the people. 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The Censorship of music in the United Stated is documented asRead MoreCensorship O f The United States1470 Words   |  6 PagesJeffrey Corpstein English 270 Research paper Censorship This paper will cover censorship in film with its main focus in the United States. It will cover the progress of film censorship and how it has varied throughout the country as well as state to state. The reader will discover how film censorship has changed with society and can be a resemblance of society at a certain point in time. Important cases and lawsuits will be covered as well, enabling the reader to understand why and how certain lawsRead MoreEssay on Censorship and Freedom of Speech658 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship may be protection from inappropriate materials, but it also limits free speech. For the limitation of free speech, it is reasonable why people are emphatically against censorship. It is understood that there is a need to filter some of the materials released in today’s society, but too much is being done by people who have no right meddling with everyone’s rights. Civilization has always been plagued by a never ending battle being fought over wha t is deemed right and wrong. In today’sRead More Censorship in America Essays1668 Words   |  7 Pagesfile of the album within the same hour. Even though these online pirates steal music and movies from other companies and make a drastic profit, yet these â€Å"rogue† websites receive 53 billions visits a year from across the globe according to Creative America. The persistence of the thieves that break copyright laws of the productions has lead the entertainment business to place a definitive complaint to the U.S. government of the constant notion of piracy. While the notion of piracy was not left unseen

Social Class and Correct Answer - 1815 Words

* Question 1 0 out of 2 points | | | Why is ideology more effective than force as a means to maintain stratification?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Ideology appeals to reason, and people naturally prefer reason over coercion. | Correct Answer: | Coercion is ineffective because it breeds hostility and nourishes rebellion. | | | | | * Question 2 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the ideology supporting the concept that a societys ruler is Gods direct representative on earth to administer justice and punish evil doers?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | the divine right of kings | Correct Answer: | the divine right of kings | | | | | * Question 3 2 out of 2 points | | | What name is†¦show more content†¦| Correct Answer: | They manipulate trade and the debt owed by the weaker nations. | | | | | * Question 14 2 out of 2 points | | | In democracies, what are the two methods used by the ruling elite to control information?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | technology and the selective release of information | Correct Answer: | technology and the selective release of information | | | | | * Question 15 2 out of 2 points | | | Traditionally, what were the three factors on which slavery was based?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | war, debt, crime | Correct Answer: | war, debt, crime | | | | | * Question 16 2 out of 2 points | | | Who was the sociologist who argued that stratification applies only to societies that have at least minimal resources and can accumulate surpluses?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Gerhard Lenski | Correct Answer: | Gerhard Lenski | | | | | * Question 17 2 out of 2 points |Show MoreRelatedWhat Does Social Class Mean?875 Words   |  4 Pages What does social class mean? 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The Role of Using the Digital Campaign on Customer Satisfaction Essay

Essays on The Role of Using the Digital Campaign on Customer Satisfaction Essay The paper "The Role of Using the Digital Campaign on Customer Satisfaction" is an outstanding example of an essay on marketing. Digital campaign has brought about a revolution in the way business was conducted. The change has been very strong and has been reflected in the sales of consumer products. This has transformed the marketing world and the integration of digital campaigns in different ways is the need of the hour. This has enabled the consumer to get better and more information about the products which has changed their buying habits. The customer can use digital campaigns through the internet and compare the products of different companies thereby making their decision-making process better and ensure that they get the desired product. Digital campaign has brought some benefits and demerits along with it which has been an area marketers look into before deciding the course of action.The digital campaign has educated the customers by providing them useful insights into differ ent products. The extensive use of the internet has transformed the working by making it more of a commercial tool where the customer is able to garner information (Anderson, 2010). Also, the widespread usage of digital media and the increasing penetration level of the internet have enabled companies to look at it as a medium where maximum information can be spread easily ways (Anderson, 2010). Companies thereby have to ensure that maximum information about the product or services is provided in the allotted time and space so that the audience's attention magnifies.The increased use of digital media can be stated by the fact that consumers are laying more stress on creating new blogs. Using this blog consumers pass on information from one person to another thereby enabling them to have an idea about the product or services and influence the buying habits of the people (Kotler, 2002).The digital campaign helps to ensure higher customer satisfaction as the consumer is able to understa nd the product and services better. This guides them and provides the necessary impetus which companies are looking at. Companies thereby are looking towards increased dependence on the digital campaign as the lasting effect is high.Digital campaign has ensured consistency and brought the total market as a global market where customers have a lot of options to choose from (Chaffey, Fiona, Johnston Mayer, 2008). The customers by making use of it can ensure that they get the best bargain and their level of satisfaction is high. This has increased the bargaining power as people from different backgrounds, culture and religions can convulse together and ensure that their satisfaction and bargaining power increases. This has strengthened the motive of the companies to look towards digital campaigns as it helps to provide them the required push.A research conducted shows that â€Å"with decreasing customer base companies to ensure that customers stay back and at the same time get new cu stomer looks towards endorsing digital campaign in their marketing program†.

Romeo and julietlove Free Essays

Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous love stories. Most people think it is Just about romantic love, but indeed it has many different forms of love that exists which is portrayed throughout the Shakespearian novel. The novel uses the main theme of love to push the story along and keep it going. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and juliet:love or any similar topic only for you Order Now Presented are variations of love including forbidden love, unrequited Love and blind love. This essay aims to analyse these three types of love chosen. Romeo and Juliet is a brilliant play about a young boy and girl, whom fall deeply in love with each other. Romeo is from the house of Montague, while Juliet is from the house of Capulet. Both families have been feuding with each other for a long time; however, despite the families feuding, Romeo and Juliet marry each other in secrecy. This is an example of forbidden love. In Romeo and Juliet the two main characters rush into love and it didn’t end up the way they planned it to. They see each other’s seen beauty and think they will live happily together, but things change throughout the tory that take a turn for the worst. Romeo gets banished from Verona making their love for each other hard making them sneak around to manage it. Juliet pretends to kill herself so Romeo would come back but Romeo goes back thinking Juliet actually killed herself, so he decides he must kill himself. Juliet wakes up and sees her love dead and decides if she cannot live with Romeo she will not live at all, and kills herself also. The first time Romeo sees Juliet he says, â€Å"Did my heart love till? / Forswear it sight! For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night† (1. 5). Romeo without hesitating decides that he is in love with Juliet now even though he has not spoken to her at all. Which brings us into unrequited love and the ‘one sided’ love between Romeo and Rosaline. You are never positive if someone really loves you or not. All you know is that you truly love them. That is what makes unrequited love difficult for people. In Romeo and Juliet, unrequited love is present whether it was apparent or implied, we don’t know. When we are introduced to the character Romeo, he is infatuated by Rosaline which he thought was love at first sight, but she happens to not be in love with him and plans to become a nun. Romeo is in love with Rosaline while Paris falls in love with Juliet which are the most obvious examples in Romeo and Juliet. Romeo’s apparent â€Å"love† for Juliet is no different than his love for Rosaline because Romeo is in love with the idea of being in love. Although, I do believe there is an unrequited love between Juliet and her parents. In Romeo and Juliet, love and hate are Just two emotions on the same side. Both emotions are intense emotions that as Benvolio says, get the â€Å"mad blood stirring† (3. 1. 4). When the hatred is going on between the Montagues and Capulets, it finally pushes Romeo and Juliet to their tragic deaths but which their parents thought they were doing right for their children. But if they’re Just two emotions on the same side, then can this kind of passionate love even exist without hate? romeo and juliet:love By victoriacoates How to cite Romeo and juliet:love, Papers

Management and Travel

Question: Give a breif discussion about travel and management? Answer: Introduction In the era of competition, every industry is expanding and utilizing all the available resources for exploring their opportunities for making the business more efficient and competent while meeting the excessively enhanced and innovative demands of the customers. For this purpose, industries are enhancing the domains and number of activities to satisfy their customers (Malina et al. 2012). Like other industries, aviation is also enhancing the numbers of flights along with the enhanced facilities for meeting the enhanced travel needs of the customers. However, the industry is expanding their number of services and meeting their customers, but an enhanced number of flights are affecting the environmental balance by affecting the climate system. It has been revealed that 4-9% of the total climate change is related to the human activity of travelling via airplanes (Lee and Brahmasrene 2013). This essay would focus on the identification of three major environmental issues of enhanced flig ht numbers that are imposing negative effects upon the environment and the measures for resolving these issues. Discussion The commercial aviation is achieving dramatic growth in the global aspect. However, the increased achievement is affecting environment. Therefore, the airport and other facilities developments are being done after the environmental assessment and analysis of the development and innovation projects. There are three major issues identified including aircraft noise, toxic emission with greenhouse gasses and the significant change in climate as an effect of enhanced number of airplanes (Leung and Yang 2012). Noise pollution Noise has been identified as the principle environmental aviation issue. It has been identified as a potential public concern. However, it has been seen that individual aircraft has become about 75% less noisy through the last 30 years, the increased amount of air traffic by an enhanced number of flights are indicating that citizens are exposed to high level of noise pollution (Scott et al. 2012). The enhanced level of noise is a major cause of noise-induced health disorders of people living near the airport and people travelling frequently via flight. Aircraft noise is one of the major elements of environmental noise exposure (Henderson et al. 2012). WHO estimated that 1-1.6 million healthy lives are lost due to the environmental noise exposure per year. The long-term exposure to aircraft noise is influencing health negatively. It enhances the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, sleep disturbance, psychological problems, annoyance and direct hearing loss. It has been revealed that risk of cardiovascular problems including heart attack, stroke and hypertension increases up to 17% with the 10dB increase of aircraft noise exposure (Meltzer 2012). A study by HYENA (Hypertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports) examined the effects of noise upon 4861 people within age 45-70 years who were living over 5-7 years near the airport and revealed that risk of high blood pressure increases 14% with the 10dB increase of aircraft noise at night (Antoine and Kroo 2014). Studies have also revealed that the noise exposure promotes the metabolic risk factors including type II diabetes to enhance the risk of cardiovascular disease. Through the direct pathway, noise exposure introduces hearing loss, sleep disturbance and through the indirect pathway, it causes disturbance of cognitive and emotional responses. Both of these are stress indicators. The psychological stress reactions affect the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system and enhance the risk of blood pressure, diabetes and manifests disorders including ischemic heart attack, hypertension and arteriosclerosis (McManners 2012). Governments of developing countries are undertaking regulations and strict legislations to reduce the aircraft noise pollution. For controlling the environmental impacts of aircraft noise, the European community has been adopted the Regulation (EU) No 598/2014 for introducing the noise-related operating restriction (Stocker 2014). The regulation includes four rules, including the following: Managing the land around the airport in a sustainable way Generating less noisy aero planes following noise standards Introducing operating restrictions Adapting operational procedures for reducing impact of noise on the ground Significant improvement in technology has reduced the noise impacts over last 20 years (Scott et al. 2012). A number of evaluation metrics have been undertaken by the avian societies for ensuring standards level of noise usage. The environmental communities are incorporating Integrated Noise Model evaluations for making quieter airplanes (Lee et al. 2012). Noise metrics are playing a significant role in noise management. The incorporation of anti-noise devices in home or office would be helpful for sound proofing to cancel out the aircraft engines noise. The satellite and navigational measures can be improved by allowing precise and safer flight paths following less populated areas. Toxic Emission It has been revealed that, compared to the other modes of transport, travelling through the air has a higher impact on climate per passenger kilometer. The air transport is a categorized as the mode of freight transport producing most toxic emissions. During the burning of jet fuel, the carbon in the fuel is released and forms carbon dioxide after reacting with oxygen in air (Meltzer 2012). Besides, carbon dioxide, the jet fuel also releases nitrous oxide, water vapour, sulphate and soot. Aircraft emits the significant amount of CO2 that is the most prevalent manmade greenhouse gas. Recently, it has been accounted that, 11% of total CO2 emission is from U.S. aircraft transportation (McManners 2012). The aircraft emissions have a special characteristics that these ate produced at the cruising altitude high in the atmosphere. The high amount of NOx emission at high altitude leads to higher concentration of ozone compared to the emission at ground level. The emission of water vapor at higher altitudes leads to the formation of condensation trails or contrails that are the visible cloud lines forming in cold and humid condition and contributes to global warming. The studies have shown that the high altitude emissions are more harmful and impose more dangerous effects upon the environment (Scott et al. 2012). It is because, these high-altitude emissions triggers different kinds of chemical reactions, thereby imposing harmful effects upon the environment. As mentioned above, the emissions include nitrous oxide, sulphate and carbon dioxide; these are potential green house gasses. Therefore, the aircraft emissions are directly promoting global warming and harming the ozone layer. For an example, IPCC has two to four times higher impact upon the environment and global warming than the carbon dioxide emission alone (McManners 2012). Reduction of this kind of air pollution is an important concern. Changes in aircraft and engine technology, fuel composition, regulatory measures and operational practices can reduce the impact of aviation emissions and related harmful impacts upon the environment. The aircraft and engine technology can be designed to balance the consideration of different pollutants (McManners 2012). It would also enhance the longevity of the aircraft equipment. Improving the fuel composition is another major choice for reducing emission. In kerosene-based fuels, the reduction of the amount of sulpher will help to reduce the amount of Sox emission. Hydrogen fuel can also be used for reducing emission. The operational options are also there, including the improvements of air traffic management and other processes. Climate change The emissions from the aircrafts are not only hampering healthy life styles of people and affecting the environment in upper level, but it is also a major contributor to climate change. Air travel is the fastest growing resourced of greenhouse gases including CO2 which is the major component of climate change. Every year, 16000 commercial jet aircraft throughout the world emits more than 600 millions tones of CO2 (Wittneben et al. 2012). The growing air traffic is the major reason for increased aircraft pollution. Aircraft is causing approximately 3.5% global warming thereby contributing to climate change. According to the climate report, the aircraft greenhouse emissions will continuously rise and contribute to about 15% of global warming within coming 50 years (Scott et al. 2012). The major contributor to climate change is the contrails forming through the condensation of trace gases and particles. The water vapor, CO2 emitted through the aircraft, have the ability to trap the terrestrial radiation and chemically active gases thereby altering the natural greenhouses gases including O3 and CH4. These particles can interest with earths radiation balance directly or can promote the formation of radiation cloud properties. The direct emission changes the radioactive property of cloud and changes the radioactive forcing (Antoine and Kroo 2014). The direct emission getting accumulated in the atmosphere changes the chemistry and microphysics as well as changes the radiatively active substances thereby changing the radiative forcing. The ultimate result changes in climate. This climate change is associated with radiative forcing and global warming potential. The government is undertaking adequate action for this. Recent research suggested four pillars of climate action. The technology innovation leads to sustainable alternative aviation fuel use, and this will be able to cut emission u p to 80% (Lee et al. 2012). The operational improvements include lighter fleet and efficient air traffic control technique for saving emission. The addition of wingtip devices in the aircraft can reduce 4% fuel use. Enhanced infrastructure efficiencies and smart economic measures can also lead to ensure less emission thereby reducing the contribution of climate change. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that enhanced and frequent aviation is imposing a large amount of negative impact on the environment. The major three environmental issues resulting from increased travelling through air planed has been highlighted in this report. These included the noise-related disturbances, toxic emissions and the change in climate induced by the air pollution through aircraft. However, options are there to manage the air pollution and to reduce the impact upon the environment. The government should take more specific innovative activities for reducing the adverse effect of aviation. With the expansion of the industry, more strict rules and regulations should be applied for controlling the environmental impacts. Reference List Antoine, N.E. and Kroo, I.M., 2014. Aircraft optimization for minimal environmental impact.Journal of aircraft,41(4), pp.790-797. Henderson, R.P., Martins, J.R.R.A. and Perez, R.E., 2012. Aircraft conceptual design for optimal environmental performance.Aeronautical Journal,116(1175), p.1. Lee, D.S., Fahey, D.W., Forster, P.M., Newton, P.J., Wit, R.C., Lim, L.L., Owen, B. and Sausen, R., 2012. Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century.Atmospheric Environment,43(22), pp.3520-3537. Lee, J.W. and Brahmasrene, T., 2013. Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management, 38, pp.69-76. Leung, D.Y. and Yang, Y., 2012. Wind energy development and its environmental impact: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), pp.1031-1039. Malina, R., McConnachie, D., Winchester, N., Wollersheim, C., Paltsev, S. and Waitz, I.A., 2012. The impact of the European Union emissions trading scheme on US aviation.Journal of Air Transport Management,19, pp.36-41. McManners, P., 2012.Fly and be damned: what now for aviation and climate change?. Zed Books, Limited. Meltzer, J., 2012. Climate Change and TradeThe EU Aviation Directive and the WTO.Journal of International Economic Law, p.jgr036. Scott, D., Gossling, S. and Hall, C.M., 2012. International tourism and climate change.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,3(3), pp.213-232. Stocker, T.F. ed., 2014.Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Wittneben, B.B., Okereke, C., Banerjee, S.B. and Levy, D.L., 2012. Climate change and the emergence of new organizational landscapes.Organization Studies,33(11), pp.1431-1450.